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Cogs101A > Audition > Flashcards

Audition Flashcards

0
Q

In the how/when signal frequency, the __________ of _________ respond to…?

A

The rate or pattern of firing of nerve impulses respond to specific frequencies.

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1
Q

In the which/where signaling frequency, ___________ ___________ of _________ respond to…?

A

Specific groups of hair cells on the basilar membrane respond to particular frequencies.

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2
Q

In Place Theory, low frequencies activate toward the __________.

A

Apex

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3
Q

In Place Theory, high frequencies activate toward the ___________.

A

Base

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4
Q

In Place Theory, a complex sound, the vibration/peak will correspond to ____________ __________.

A

Each harmonic. Or there will be a peak for every frequency.

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5
Q

Outer hair cells are also called what?

A

Cochlear amplifier

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6
Q

Explain Cochlear Amplifier.

A

Outer hair cells that respond by tilting or changing their length. (Like neurotransmitters, their shape changes=so does their function)

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7
Q

Cochlear amplifier:

  1. The sound wave _______________________.
  2. The cilia deflects and the outer hair cells ____________.
  3. The ______________ ___________ lowers and pivots the inner hair cells upward.
A
  1. Lifts basilar membrane
  2. Contract
  3. Reticular lamina
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8
Q

Phase locking is a type of ______________ coding.

A

Temporal

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9
Q

Selectively destroying outer hair cells (AKA ________ __________) shows we can sees a decrease in the firing rate of the inner hair cell at its….?

A

chemical ablationg, Characteristic frequency

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10
Q

In phase locking, do cells activate on every peak? Do they respond to specific peaks?

A

No. Cells do not need to activate on each peak and different cells respond to different peaks.

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11
Q

Place coding is effective for what range of frequencies?

A

The entire frequency

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12
Q

Temporal coding is good for what range of frequencies?

A

4-5 kHz

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13
Q

Damage to the tympanic membrane or ossicles is _______________ hearing loss.

A

Conductive

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14
Q

Why might presbycusis affect males more than females?

A

Historically, males are in more places that involve loud noises (war, factories, etc.), and loud noises = earring loss.

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15
Q

What is the tone that only teenagers can hear called?

A

Mosquito MK4

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16
Q

Noise induced hearing loss is usually from damage to the…?

A

Organ of Corti

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17
Q

What is tinnitus? What are the 2 types?

A

Perception of ringing sound in the ears.

2 types: objective and subjective.

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18
Q

What is objective tinnitus?

A

An actual sound produced in the ear by muscle spasms, otoacoustic emissions, or vascular problems

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19
Q

What is subjective tinnitus?

A

Perceived sound (think sound is there).

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20
Q

Which kind of tinnitus is most common with noise induced hearing loss?

A

Subjective

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21
Q

Objective tinnitus is classified under what kind of hearing loss?

A

Conductive

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22
Q

Subjective tinnitus is consistent with what kind of hearing loss?

A

Sensorineural and conductive

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23
Q

Auditory nerve fibers synapse in what subcortical structures?
Hint: CoNuc SON-IC MG

A

Cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus

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24
Q

Where is the medial geniculate nucleus located?

A

The thalamus

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25
Q

The Primary Auditory Cortex has a ___________ organization. This matches the structure of what other piece of audition?

A

Tonotopic. Matches the cochlea.

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26
Q

The first cortical region to receive auditory info is the…?

A

Cochlear nucleus

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27
Q

In A1, the ___________ respond to lower frequencies, corresponding to the ____________ of the cochlea.

A

Left/0.5

apex of cochlea

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28
Q

In A1, the ____________ responds to higher frequencies, corresponding to the ____________ of the cochlea.

A

Right/16

Base of cochlea

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29
Q

Where are tonotopic maps found?

A

In A1, the core area.

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30
Q

Damage to the auditory cortex shows difficulties in perceiving….?

A

Pitch

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31
Q

The belt and para belt respond to…?

A

Complex stimuli (like voices)

32
Q

What are pitch neurons?

A

Cells outside of A1 that respond to complex tones with the same fundamental frequency

33
Q

Can tonotopy change over time? What is another word for this?

A

Yes. Experience dependent plasticity.

34
Q

The ventral/what stream starts in the __________ portion of the core and belt and extends to the __________________.

A

Anterior portion, extends to the prefrontal cortex

35
Q

The dorsal/where stream starts in the ____________ portion of the core and belt and extends to the ___________ and ____________ cortices.

A

Posterior portion, extends to parietal and prefrontal cortices.

36
Q

fMRI evidence shows that pitch recognition is done by the ____________ stream, and is associated with greater activation in the ___________ region.

A

What/ventral stream, activation in the central regions

37
Q

fMRI evidence shows that auditory location detection happens in the _________ stream, and is associated with activation in the __________ areas.

A

Where/dorsal stream, with greater activation in the dorsal areas

38
Q

A patient with temporal lobe damage (what pathway) would have trouble with….?

A

Recognizing sounds/putting a name to them

Or recognizing if a pitch went up or down

39
Q

A patient with parietal lobe damage (where pathway) would have trouble with…?

A

Localizing a sound

Or spatial auditory processing

40
Q

Both the ventral and dorsal systems start where?

A

The core

41
Q

The experiment where they cooled different areas of a cats brain and it impaired the corresponding functions, was a good example of what?

A

Double-dissociation

42
Q

Does auditory scene analysis happen in the cochlea? Why or why not?

A

No, because simultaneous sounds are together in the pattern of vibrations on the basilar membrane

43
Q

The auditory principle of location is similar to what visual principle?

A

Common fate

44
Q

The auditory principle of similarity of timbre and pitch is similar to what visual principle?

A

Similarity

45
Q

The auditory principle of proximity in time is similar to what visual principle?

A

Proximity

46
Q

The auditory principle of auditory continuity is similar to which visual principle?

A

Good continuation

47
Q

The auditory principle effect of past experience is similar to what visual principle?

A

Familiarity

48
Q

Which auditory grouping principle is good for identifying different instruments in a song?

A

Similarity of timbre and pitch

49
Q

In sounds: greater proximity leads to…?

A

Stream segregation

50
Q

The similarity of pitch and timbre groups notes at __________ speeds.

A

High speeds

51
Q

The experiment of the song “Three Blind Mice,” in which one version was normal and one was altered, most subjects could identify the altered version only after the first one was played. What is this an example of? What are they using to recognize the altered version?

A

Example of Effect of past experience

Use melody scheme to recognize it

52
Q

What is auditory space?

A

The space that surrounds an observer and where sound is present

53
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of auditory space?

A

Azimuth, elevation, and distance

54
Q

Define azimuth.

A

Position left to right

55
Q

Define elevation

A

Position up and down

56
Q

On average, do people localize sounds better when heard from the…

a. front
b. sides
c. behind

A

a. front

57
Q

Name the 2 auditory localization cues.

A

Binaural and monaural.

58
Q

Binaural localization cue has 2 subcues:

  1. _________
  2. ________
A
  1. interaural time difference

2. interaural level difference

59
Q

What is the head-related transfer function? Under what spectral cue does this fall?

A

Falls under the monaural spectral cue.
It is the affect that each head has a differently shaped pinna and therefore hear frequencies with different intensities. (different spectrums)

60
Q

What is ITD? (and define)

A

Interaural time difference: difference between the times at which sounds reach two ears.

61
Q

Is ITD better for low or high frequencies?

A

Low frequencies (<800 Hz)

62
Q

What is ILD? (and define)

A

Interaural level difference: difference in sound pressure level reaching two ears

63
Q

Is ILD better for low or high frequencies? Why?

A

High frequencies (>800 Hz) because it might be using temporal coding & phase locking (and phase coding is easier for low frequencies)

64
Q

What is an acoustic shadow?

A

Amplification is blocked from the far ear because of a shadow created by the head.

65
Q

What kind of frequencies does the acoustic shadow clock?

A

High-frequency pressure waves

66
Q

ILD is largest at locations _________________?

A

Farther to the side

67
Q

ITD and ILD are good at providing location cues along the __________ plane.

A

Azimuth (side)

68
Q

Binaural localization cues are good for the ___________ plane.

A

Azimuth

69
Q

Monaural localization cues are good for the ____________ plane.

A

Elevation

70
Q

Auditory localization cues (Binaural and Monaural) are mainly used for __________.

A

Orienting

72
Q

________ tuned ITD neurons are a form of _________ coding.

A

Narrowly = specificity/sparse

73
Q

_______ tuned ITD neurons are a form of ________ coding.

A

Broadly = distributed/broadly

74
Q

When do coincidence detectors fire?

A

Only when signals from both ears fire simultaneously. It is sensitive to the difference in time sound reaches one ear vs. the other.

75
Q

If a signal reaches ITD at the same time (simultaneously from both ears) then the coincidence detector says the signal came from…?

A

The front

76
Q

Neurons in the ___________ and _____________ respond to a narrow range of interaural time differences.

A

Inferior colliculus and superior olivary nuclei

77
Q

Auditory localization is indicated by the ratio of two types of ITD neurons. Name the neurons.

A

Left sensitive and right sensitive

78
Q

What area of the brain is used to help represent space in human echolocation?

A

V1

Cogs101A (5 decks)

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