Olfaction

Question 1

Which triggers a more emotional response, smell or visual images?

Answer 1

Smell

Question 2

The tendency to remember more information when cued by odor (compared to visual cues) is called the…?

Answer 2

Proust Effect

Question 3

Are humans macrosomatic or microsomatic?

Answer 3

Microsomatic

Question 4

Having a keen sense of smell and being good at object odor identification is called ___________.

Answer 4

Macrosomatic

Question 5

Being less good at smell, because it is less crucial to survival is called _________.

Answer 5

Microsomatic

Question 6

Some animals have a ___________ _______ used in the detection of pheromones.

Answer 6

Vomeronasal organ

Question 7

The phenomenon of pheromones changing womens menstrual cycles (to synchrony with the women around them) is called the ___________ ________.

Answer 7

McClintock effect

Question 8

Babies prefer odors from their _________ _______ at birth. (What may this help with?)

Answer 8

Lactating mothers = helps initiate nursing

Question 9

Women prefer the scent of men who have greater _______ _______ ______.

Answer 9

Body bilateral symmetry

Question 10

Men and women prefer the odors of potential mates who have _____ ________ ____ patterns unlike their own. (What does this mean?)

Answer 10

Major histocompatibility complex: immune system patterns unlike their own

Question 11

What are the two measures of detection threshold?

Answer 11

1. Yes/no procedure

2. Forced-choice

Question 12

When participants are given trials with odors along with blank trials, this is called the _________________?

Answer 12

Yes/no procedure

Question 13

The yes/no procedure is usually with the method of _______ _______.

Answer 13

Constant stimuli

Question 14

When two trials are provided, one with the odorant and one without; and the participant indicates which smells strongest, this is the _______________ method.

Answer 14

Forced-choice

Question 15

Which is more reliable, the yes/no procedure or the forced-choice?

Answer 15

Forced-choice

Question 16

What is the main problem with the yes/no procedure?

Answer 16

Bias

Question 17

Detection of a smell varies by _______ _______, which means that some require larger concentrations in order to be detected.

Answer 17

source molecule

Question 18

What is the factor that makes dogs/other animals more sensitive to smell than humans? (hint: sensitivity to receptors or number of receptors?)

Answer 18

The number of receptors. Dogs have more receptors.

Question 19

How man receptors do humans have?

Answer 19

~10 million

Question 20

Some sharks use ______ _____ _______ in a scent plume reaching the nostrils to orient toward scents.

Answer 20

Bilateral time differences

Question 21

The concentration of a molecule needed to determine the quality of an odorant is called _________ ________.

Answer 21

Recognition threshold

Question 22

Bilateral time differences may be related to __________ in audtion.

Answer 22

ITD

Question 23

No odor model because:

1. There is no _________ _______ for odor quality.

Answer 23

specific language

Question 24

No odor model because:

2. Some molecules….

Answer 24

Some molecules with similar structures smell different, and some that have different structures smell the same

Question 25

No odor model because: | 3. There is a lot of __________ (?%) between olfactory receptors in people.

Answer 25

variability: ~30%

Question 26

The _______ _________ has different patterns of activity suggesting a categorical perception of odors.

Answer 26

Olfactory bulb

Question 27

Ratings of pleasantness could be predicted by the _________ _____________ of the oderant molecules.

Answer 27

Physiochemical properties

Question 28

Steps of olfaction: | 1. Odorant enters the _________ and makes contact with the _____ _________.

Answer 28

1. Odorant enters the nasal cavity and makes contact with the olfactory mucosa

Question 29

Steps of olfaction: | 2. Odorants are carried along the _______, dissolve into the surface and come into contact with...?

Answer 29

2. Odorants are carried along the mucosa and dissolve into the surface and come into contact with OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS

Question 30

Olfactory receptor neurons contain molecules called _________ ________.

Answer 30

olfactory receptors

Question 31

Olfactory receptors are sensitive to....?

Answer 31

A narrow range of odorants

Question 32

How many types of receptors are on each olfactory receptor neurons?

Answer 32

One

Question 33

How many olfactory receptor neurons do humans have?

Answer 33

400

Question 34

How many of EACH type of olfactory receptor neurons do humans have?

Answer 34

10,000

Question 35

Steps of olfaction: | 3. Signals are carried from the ORNS to the ________ in the ________ ______.

Answer 35

3. Signals are carried from the ORNs to the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

Question 36

ORNs of the same type converge signals on __________.

Answer 36

Glomeruli

Question 37

Steps of olfaction: | 4. Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to _________ ______ cortex.

Answer 37

4. Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to primary olfactory cortex.

Question 38

The primary olfactory cortex is also called the ________ cortex.

Answer 38

Piriform

Question 39

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ________ lobe and _______.

Answer 39

Temporal lobe and amygdala

Question 40

The _________ plays a role in the emotional reaction to odors.

Answer 40

Amygdala

Question 41

Steps of olfaction: | 5. Signals arrive at the ________ _______ cortex.

Answer 41

secondary olfactory

Question 42

The secondary olfactory cortex is also called the _________ cortex.

Answer 42

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 43

The secondary olfactory cortex is located in the __________ lobe.

Answer 43

Frontal lobe

Question 44

Odorants are coded by patterns of activation of olfactory receptors called _________ ________.

Answer 44

Recognition profiles

Question 45

Different chemicals activated distinct clusters of glomeruli in the ________ ______.

Answer 45

Olfactory bulb

Question 46

A map of odorants exists in the __________ ______.

Answer 46

Olfactory bulb

Question 47

Odor maps or odotopic map is also called a ___________ map.

Answer 47

Chemotopic map

Question 48

Mallory loves ________.

Answer 48

Eleni

Question 49

Activity in the ____________ cortex is associated with pleasantness ratings.

Answer 49

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 50

Trouble with smelling, consistent with senescence, is called __________.

Answer 50

Presbyosmia

Question 51

The loss of smell from disease or injury is called _________.

Answer 51

Anosmia

Question 52

In anosmia, the loss of smell is usually associated with the loss of _________.

Answer 52

taste

Question 53

What diseases are associated with anosmia?

Answer 53

Parkinson's, dementia

Question 54

Long-term anosmia is associated with __________.

Answer 54

Depression

Question 55

After what age is presbyosmia a possibility?

Answer 55

55 years old

Question 56

What is going on in presbyosmia?

Answer 56

ORNs become less selective for odors and respond to multiple odorants