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A. Question Bank > (PALM 305) Exam 2 objectives > Flashcards

(PALM 305) Exam 2 objectives Flashcards

1
Q

GaGs

A

all acidic in connective tissue

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2
Q

Glycoproteins/mucins/muosubstances

A

epithelial secreting mucin cells

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3
Q

PAS Purpose

A

insoluble carbohydrates

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4
Q

PAS results

A

BM, glycogen, fungal walls, neutral and acidic proteins: Magenta

Background: Blue/purple

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5
Q
A

PAS ID

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6
Q
A

PAS mucin ID

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7
Q
A

PAS Fungus ID

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8
Q

How do you test the quality of a schiff reagent

A

place a few drops in a beaker of 37-40% formaldehyde, if the solution is reddish purple the reagent is good

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9
Q

Most common cause from weak staining with PAS?

A

insufficient water rinsing

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10
Q

How do you test the quality of a schiff reagent

A

place a few drops in a beaker of 37-40% formaldehyde, if the solution is reddish purple the reagent is good

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11
Q

Most common cause from weak staining with PAS?

A

insufficient water rinsing

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12
Q

PAS with digestion purpose

A

to demonstrate glycogen in tissue

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13
Q

Quality control of PAS with digestion

A

liver, cervix, vaginia

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14
Q

PAS with digestion results

A

without digestion: glycogen and all carbohydrates are dark pink.red

With digestion: no glycogen and all other carbohydrates are pink

Background: purple

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15
Q

PAS with digestion troubleshooting

Why would digestion fail?

A

-insufficient digestion time

-overheated or insufficiently heated malt disease

-Tissue fixed in picric acid containing fixatives

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16
Q
A

PAS with digestion vs without

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17
Q
A

PAS w digestion

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18
Q
A

PAS w/o digestion

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19
Q

This stain stains only glycogen

A

Best Carmine

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20
Q
A

Best Carmine

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21
Q

Mucicarmine purpose

A

Acidic glycoproteins , fungus

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22
Q

What is weigert solution A and B made up of in mucicarmine?

A

Solution A: alcoholic hematoxylin

Solution B:Mordant ferric chloride

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23
Q

What is the quality control for Mucicarmine?

A

GI specimen, colon preferred, tissue has to be not autolyzed

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24
Q

Mucicarmine results

A

Acidic glycoproteins- pink/magenta

Nuclei- blue/black

BAckground- yellow/green

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25
Q
A

Mucicarmine ID

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26
Q

Mucicarmine demonstrates

A

Acidic Glycoproteins

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27
Q

~~ weak or pale staining with mucicarmine

A

if weigert’s hematoxylin is used

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28
Q

~~ mucins are obscured in mucicarmine staining

A

over counterstaining with, using Gill

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29
Q

~~ weak mucin staining mucicarmine

A

not left in solution long enough, over rinsing

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30
Q

Absent mucin staining mucicarmine

A

Autolyzed tissue, enzymes eat the mucins

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31
Q

Alcian blue 2.5 purpose

A

demonstrates GaGs and acidic glycoproteins

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32
Q

Why must you rinse with acetic acid before and after alcian blue staining?

A

to maintain pH and prevent nonspecific staining

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33
Q

What is the recommended pH for alcian blue?

A

2.5, the dye is selective

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34
Q

quality control for alcian blue 2.5

A

GI specimens (olon), appendix

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35
Q

Alcian blue 2.5 results

A

Acidic glycoproteins: blue (intense)

Gags: blue, less intense

Background/nuclei: pink/red

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36
Q
A

Alcian Blue 2.5

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37
Q

What could cause excessive background staining in alcian blue 2.5

A

A pH over 2.5

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38
Q
A

Alcian Blue 2.5 (Carboxylated and Sulfates polysaccharides)

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39
Q
A

Alcian Blue 1.0 (Sulfated polysaccharides)

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40
Q

What does alcian blue 1.0 demonstrate

A

sulfomucin (sulfated and carboxylated, GaGs)

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41
Q

Results of Alcian blue 1.0

A

Sulfated GaGs and sulfomucins: pale blue

Background/nuclei: pink from counterstain

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42
Q

Quality control Alcian blue 1.0

A

Large intestine, appendix

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43
Q

Alcian blue 2.5 with Hyaluronidase purpose

A

digests GaGs

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44
Q

Principle and reagents for alcian blue 2.5 with hyaluronidase

A

duplicate slides are required, one treated with hyaluronidase and one without.

-both sides are then stained with the same alcian blue 2.5 procedure

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45
Q

what is the quality control for alcian blue 2.5 with hyaluronidase?

A

2 slides of umbilical cord

-small intestine and appendix used as second control

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46
Q

Results of Alcian blue 2.5 with hyaluronidase

A

without digestion (GaGs and Glycoproteins)- blue

With digestion- no GaGs glycoproteins still blue

Background- pink/red

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47
Q

Alcian blue 2.5 with hyaluronidase procedural notes

A

hyaluronidase digestion can occur with colloidal iron method

rinse well after NFR counterstain or cloudiness will occur

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48
Q
A

Alcian Blue 2.5 without Hyaluronidase

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49
Q
A

Alcian Blue 2.5 with Hyaluronidase

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50
Q

Alcian blue PAS purpose

A

demonstrates neutral and acidic glycoproteins

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51
Q

diagnosis barrett’s esophagus

A

Alcian blue PAS quality control

duodenum, endocervix, ectocervix

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52
Q

Alcian blue PAS results

A

GaGs and acidic glycoproteins- Blue

Neutral mucosubstances and glycogen: pink

Mixture of neutral and acidic mucosubstances: purple

Nuclei: blue/purple

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53
Q
A

Alcian Blue PAS

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54
Q

Colloidal iron purpose

A

demonstrates acidic glycoproteins

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55
Q

what do ferric ions react with and what do they form in colloidal iron staining?

A

potassium ferrocyanide, Prussian Blue

56
Q

Colloidal iron is _____than alcian blue but more _______

A

specific, sensitive

57
Q

Results of colloidal iron

A

GaGs and glycoproteins: blue

Counterstain: nuclear fast red

acid fuchsin: collagen pink/red

picric acid: muscles and cytoplasm yellow

58
Q

what can also stain positive in colloidal iron and how can you prevent that?

A

Hemosiderin, prevent by adding potassium ferrocyanide

59
Q
A

Colloidal iron

60
Q
A

Colloidal iron Van glenson counterstain

61
Q

Purpose of high iron diamine

A

demonstrates sulfomucins

-when combined with alcian blue, it can differentiate between sulfomucins and sialomucins

62
Q

Results of High iron Diamine

A

sulfomucin: black/brown

Sialomucins and Gags: Blue

63
Q
A

High Iron Diamine

64
Q

Troubleshooting with High iron Diamine

A

prolonged time in alcian blue may result in nuclear staining

rinse well after NFR or cloudiness will occur

65
Q

Amyloid composition
parallel beta pleated sheets

A

abnormal, large, extracellular protein

66
Q

Appearance of amyloid in H&E and congo red

A

H&E- eosinophilic/pink

Congo red: pink/red

67
Q

Primary amyloidosis

A

igG LIGHT Chains deposit

plasma cell disorder

68
Q

Secondary Amyloidosis

A

associated with inflammatory disease

69
Q

Purpose of alkaline red congo

A

demonstrating amyloid

70
Q

What is the primary staining mechanism on alkaline red congo

A

Van Der Waals

71
Q

What is the primary staining mechanism on alkaline red congo

A

Van Der Waals

72
Q

what thickness is amyloid stains cut at?

A

8-10 microns

73
Q

Results of alkaline congo red stain

A

Amyloid: pink/red, Apple green with polarized microscope

Background: blue

74
Q
A

Congo Red

75
Q
A

Congo Red w polarized microscope

76
Q
A

Crystal/methyl violet

77
Q

Birefringence is most observed using which microscope

A

polarized microscope

78
Q

Crystal/methyl violet purpose

A

Amyloid demonstration, rarely used today

79
Q

Results of crystal/methyl violet

A

Amyloid: intense violet

Background: less intense violet

80
Q

Why do you have to use alternative coverslipping methods for crystal/methyl violet and thioflavin stains?

A

you have to avoid alcohols

81
Q

Thioflavin purpose

A

demonstrates amyloids

82
Q

Thioflavin principle and reagents

A

mayer hematoxylin: counterstain that prevents fluorescence of nuclei

Thioflavin T: fluorescent dyes that react with amyloid

83
Q

Results of thioflavin staining

A

Amyloid: fluorescent yellow/green

Nuclei/background: blue

84
Q
A

Thioflavin ID

85
Q

Does polarized or fluorescence allow you to see tissue detail in the background?

A

Polarized allows you to see tissue detail

fluorescent has a pitch black background

86
Q
A

Fuelgen no counterstain

87
Q
A

Fuelgen w counterstain

88
Q

What does the feulgen reaction demonstrate

A

DNA only

89
Q

in the feulgen reaction schiff reagent reacts with?

A

aldehydes of DNA, after the rinse step magenta color appears

90
Q

what is the most preferred fixative in the feulgen stain

A

Alcohol

91
Q

Results of Feulgen stain

A

DNA- Pink

Cytoplasm/background- unstained, or light green of a counterstain is used

92
Q

What is the purpose of the methyl green Pyronin reaction

A

Demonstrates RNA and DNA

93
Q

Methyl green reacts with what polymer

A

DNA

94
Q

Pyronin Y reacts with what polymer

A

RNA

95
Q

Results of Methyl- green Pyroin Y staining

A

DNA- Green

RNA- Pink

Plasma Cells/cytoplasm: pink/red

96
Q
A

Methyl Green Pyronin Y

97
Q
A

Methyl Green Pyronin Y

98
Q

Neutral/romanowsky

A

combination of cationic and anionic dyes

99
Q

Polychromatic dyes

A

homologues resulting in different color results

100
Q

Polychroming process

A

process where a dye forms another dye, initiated and controlled by pH

101
Q

what is the purpose of the Giemsa stain

A

to demonstrate hematopoietic cells

also microorganisms

102
Q

Giemsa microns

A

3-4 microns

103
Q

Quality control for giemsa staining

A

Bone marrow

Spleen

104
Q

Results of Giemsa staining

A

Blue:
Nuclei + Bacteria

Violet/Purple:
Basophils + Neutrophils + Mast cells

Pink:
Eosinophils

105
Q
A

Giemsa in smear

106
Q
A

Giemsa in Bone marrow

107
Q
A

Giemsa in Bone Marrow

108
Q

The first evidence of under processing will be present in connective tissue because they are

A

Hydrophilic

109
Q

What are examples of GaGs

A

chondroitin and hyaluronic acid

110
Q

What is the pathological significance of demonstrating GaGs

A

Sarcomas

111
Q

What is the pathological significance of demonstrating glycoproteins

A

Carcinomas

112
Q

Diastase is used in the PAS procedure to digest what

A

glycogen

113
Q

Fungus will demonstrate with what stains?

A

Mucicarmine
Alcian Blue
PAS

114
Q

That water rinse in the PAS procedure is critical in order to restore what

A

the chromophore

115
Q

Which fixative can render glycogen resistant to digestion

A

Bouins

116
Q

Best carmine will demonstrate

A

glycogen

117
Q

Mucicarmine demonstrates what

A

acidic glycoproteins

118
Q

Alcian blue 2.5 will demonstrate what?

A

Sulfated GaGs and glycoproteins

119
Q

High iron diamine differentiates what?

A

sialomucins and sulfomucins

120
Q

Prolonged fixation in formalin will cause what effect on the congo red staining?

A

false negative

121
Q

A polychromatic dye that demonstrates amyloid is?

A

Crystal violet

122
Q

in the congo red method, which solution disrupts hydrogen bonding of amyloid and contributes to the increased specificity?

A

alkaline salt solution

123
Q

The schiff reagent will demonstrate all of the following except?

A

Nuclei

124
Q

Polysaccharides within connective tissue are referred to as?

A

GaGs

125
Q

Which of the following fixatives should be avoided for the PAS procedure?

A

Glutaraldehyde

126
Q

Glycogen is a component of which group of carbohydrates?

A

neutral polysaccharides

127
Q

Epithelial polysaccharides commonly located in mucous producing cells are referred to as?

A

glycoproteins

128
Q

Which of the following could be a cause of excessive background staining in Alcian blue pH 2.5?

A

a pH over 2.5

129
Q

Hyaluronidase digestion will remove

A

GaGs

130
Q

Alcian blue pH 2.5 demonstrates

A

all acidic polysaccharides

131
Q

The mucicarmine procedure demonstrates

A

acidic glycoproteins

132
Q

A pH of 1.0 in the Alcian blue procedure is important to exclusively demonstrate?

A

carboxylated and sulfated GaGs and sulfomicuns

133
Q

Amyloid is a?

A

Abnormal protein

134
Q

the primary staining mechanism for the congo red method is

A

Van Der Waals

135
Q

Which of the following is a fluorescent method for the demonstration of amyloid?

A

Thioflavin T

136
Q

An appropriate control tissue for the colloidal iron method would be

A

colon

137
Q

The insoluble blue color formed in the colloidal iron method is referred to as

A

purassin blue

A. Question Bank (6 decks)

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