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A. Question Bank > (PALM 306) Exam 4 objectives > Flashcards

(PALM 306) Exam 4 objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Bouin
(Components)

A

Picric Acid
Formaldehyde
Acetic Acid

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2
Q

Hollande
(Components)

A

Copper Acetate
Picric Acid
Formaldehyde
Acetic Acid

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3
Q

Zamboni
(Components)

A

Paraformaldehyde
Picric Acid

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4
Q

Gendre
(Components)

A

Alcoholic
Picric Acid
Acetic Acid

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5
Q

B5
(Components)

A

Mercuric Chloride
Formaldehyde

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6
Q

Zenker and Helly Stock Solution
(Components)

A

Mercuric Chloride

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7
Q

Zenker Working Solution
(Components)

A

Stock Solution + Acetic Acid

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8
Q

Helly working solution
(Components)

A

stock solution + Formaldehyde

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9
Q

Ortho
(Components)

A

Potassium Dichromate
Formaldehyde

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10
Q

Alcoholic Formalin
(Components)

A

Formaldehyde
Ethanol

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11
Q

Aqueous Zinc Formalin
(Components)

A

Zinc Salts
Formaldehyde
Distilled Water

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12
Q

Alcoholic Zinc Formalin
(Components)

A

Zinc Salts
ethanol or isopropanol
formaldehyde
distilled water

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13
Q

Formaldehdye-Gluteraldehyde
(Components)

A

formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde

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14
Q

Davidson
(Components)

A

Formaldehyde
Alcohol
Acetic Acid

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15
Q

Carnoy
(Components)

A

Absolute Ethanol
Chloroform
Acetic Acid

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16
Q

Methacarn
(Components)

A

Absolute Methanol
Chloroform
Acetic Acid

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17
Q

Clarke
(Components)

A

Ethanol
Acetic Acid

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18
Q

PTAH stain for muscle cross-striation

A

Zenker

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19
Q

Trichrome Staining

A

Bouins

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20
Q

Immunohistochemical methods

A

10% NBF or Zinc Formalin (aqueous or alcoholic)

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21
Q

Enzyme staining + Immunofluorescence

A

Glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, milloming formalin, osmium tetroxide, paraformaldehyde, zamboni

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22
Q

Molecular testing

A

Fresh unfixed tissue preferred, 10% NBF acceptable

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23
Q

Phospholipids

A

Calcium containing fixatives:

calcium formalin, calcium acetate formalin

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24
Q

Soluble simple lipids

A

Chromic Acid fixatives

Osmium tetroxide

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25
Q

Glycogen

A

picric acid containing fixatives

ex- bouin, grende

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26
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Alcohol containing fixatives:

Carny, MEthacarn, alcoholic formalin, alcoholic zinc

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27
Q

Eye specimens

A

Davidsons

28
Q

GI biopsies

A

Bouin, Hollande

29
Q

Chromaffin granules/pheochromocytoma

A

Ortho

30
Q

Gout specimens

A

Non Aqueous fixatives, absolute alcohols

31
Q

Hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues specimens

A

B5

32
Q

CNS specimens

A

formalin ammonium bromide

33
Q

Bouin
(Uses)

A

Fixative for GI biopsies

-preservation of soft and delicate tissues (testes and endocrine tissues.)

-Trichrome staining

-Cannot be used for EM or demonstration of nucleic acids

-Maximum fixation is 24 hours

  • Remove yellow staining of picric acid by washing with 50-70% alcohol
  • Picric acid remaining in tissue will deteriorate tissue over time
34
Q

Hollande
(Uses)

A

-Fixative for Gi biopsies

-Must be thoroughly rinsed if placed in phosphate- buffered formalin or precipitate will result

35
Q

Zamboni
(Uses)

A

-Good general-purpose fixative

-Fixation time not as critical as with Bouin

-Preserves morphological characteristics

-May be used for electron microscopy

36
Q

Gendre
(Uses)

A

-Excellent fixative for glycogen

37
Q

B5
(Uses)

A

-Fixative for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, due to exceptional nuclear detail

38
Q

Zenker (Stock Solution
(Uses)

A

-Increased affinity for acid dyes

-Not compatible with carbohydrates or silver based special stains

39
Q

zenker working solution
(Uses)

A

-better nuclear fixative

-lyses RBCs

-dissolves small calcifications and leaches iron

-Recommended for PTAH special stain

40
Q

Helly working solution
(Uses)

A

-Increased affinity for acid dyes

-Not compatible with carbohydrates or silver based special stains

41
Q

ortho
(Uses)

A

-Preferred for the demonstration of chromaffin granules in the adrenal medulla which will stain orange to brown due to reaction with potassium dichromate, helpful in diagnosing pheochromocytoma.

42
Q

Alcoholic formalin
(Uses)

A

-Can be used for fixation or post fixation or large fatty specimen (breast)

-Allows lymph nodes to be easily detected

-Preserves glycogen well

43
Q

Zinc formalin
(Uses)

A

-Yields higher immunoreactivity than neutral buffered formalin

-Replacement for mercury fixatives (B5, Zenker, Helly)

44
Q

formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde
(Uses)

A

-Dual-Purpose fixative for light and EM

45
Q

Davidson
(Uses)

A

-Excellent fixative for eye specimens

-Turns tissue opaque enhancing visibility of lymph nodes at dissection

-Alternative to Bouin since it produces less shrinkage and better morphological detail

-dual purpose for light and EM

46
Q

Carnoy
(Uses)

A

-Fixation of cytology specimen

-preserves glycogen well and exhibits good nuclear detail

-can cause excessive shrinkage and hardening due to alcohol content

47
Q

Methacarn
(Uses)

A

-Fixation of cytology specimens

-Preserves glycogen specimen and exhibits goof nuclear detail

-Causes less shrinkage and hardening than Carnoy

48
Q

Clarke
(Uses)

A

-Frozen sections and smears

*fixation time should be kept at 3-4 hours

49
Q

Michel’s Solution (Components and Uses)

A

Components
- Citric acid
- Ammonium sulfate (fixes tissue bound immunoglobulins)
- N-ethylmaleimide (minimizes proteolytic activity)
- Magnesium sulfate
- Distilled water

Uses
- Important to maintain pH of 7.0-7.2
- Short and long-distance mailing
- Tissue can be held in Michel’s for up to 5 days
- Before freezing, rinse specimen in PBS-sucrose solution

50
Q

PBS Buffer

A

Potassium phosphate, monobasic and dibasic
Sodium chloride
Distilled water

51
Q

PBS-Sucrose Solution

A

PBS buffer
Sucrose
Distilled water

52
Q

RPMI and Hank’s solution

A

RPMI
Sodium bicarbonate buffer solution

Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution
- Inorganic salts and glucose

Both used as holding solutions for specimens for Flow cytometry, cytogenetics or culture

53
Q

Decal Methods

A

Simple Acids
Chelating Agents
Ion Exchange
Electrolytic

54
Q

Simple Acids for Decal

A

Hydrochloric
Nitric Acid
Formic Acid

55
Q

Hydrochloric Acid (Advantages and Disadvantages)

A

Advantages
- Rapid acting and decalcify quickly

Disadvantage
- Can cause swelling and destruction of nuclear detail
- Reacts with formaldehyde to form a carcinogen
- Must completely rinse (With water) formalin-fixed tissue before placing in HCl and vice versa

56
Q

Nitric Acid (Advantages and Disadvantages)

A

Advantages
- Rapid-acting and decalcify quickly

Disadvantages
- Deterioration of staining results occurs in tissue left in solution > 48 hours
- Some tissue proteins and enzymes may be lost
- Increased chance of tissue damage and negative staining

57
Q

Formic Acid (Advantages and Disadvantages)

A

Advantages
- More gentle than inorganic acids
- Recommended for advanced staining
- Will not destroy morphology if tissue is left in solution up to 2 weeks
- Can be used in combination with formalin to provide simultaneous fixation and decalcification

Disadvantages
- Works more slowly than hydrochloric and nitric acid

58
Q

EDTA (Chelating agent)

A

EDTA binds calcium ions removing them from tissue

59
Q

EDTA (Advantages and Disadvantages)

A

Advantages
- Safest method, gentler than weak acids
- Preserves tissue morphology with minimum artifact

Disadvantages
- Slow acting, much slower than weak acids
- Cartilage is damaged if overexposed to chelating agents
- Staining is affected

60
Q

Ion Exchange

A

Formic acid is placed over a layer of ammoniated polystyrene resin in a container

Ammonium ions are exchanged for calcium ions in tissue

61
Q

Ion Exchange (Advantages and Disadvantages)

A

Advantages
- Faster
- Exposure time is not critical
- Does not need to be changed daily

Disadvantage
- Degree of decalcification can not be measured

62
Q

Electrolytic (Advantages and Disadvantages)

A

Advantage
- Fast Method

Disadvantage
- Strong potential for tissue due to generated heat
- Causes loss of cellular detail and stainability

63
Q

Electrolytic

A

An anode and cathode in formic or hydrochloric acid

Bone is attached to the anode (+)
An electrical current is passed through the solution

Positively charged calcium ions are drawn to the cathode (-)

64
Q

Determining End Point of Decal

A
  • Physical/Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Radiographic
65
Q

Physical/ Mechanical Method

A

Flexibility of specimen is tested by manually bending the tissue without damaging it

66
Q

Chemical Method

A

Calcium oxalate test: detecting the presence of calcium in the decalcifying solution

67
Q

Acetone

A

Demonstration of enzymes, fixative for brain tissue for diagnosis of rabies, immunofluorescence

A. Question Bank (6 decks)

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