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A. Question Bank > (PALM 305) Exam 4 objectives > Flashcards

(PALM 305) Exam 4 objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria (gram +) with filamentous growth patterns

A

Nocardia (weakly acid fast) and Actinomyces

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2
Q

spirochetes

A

Borrelia Burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, leptospira

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3
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, leprae, and avium-intracellulare

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4
Q

obligate intracellular parasites

A

Rickettsiae, typhi, Chlamydiae

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5
Q

Fungi

A

Aspergillus fumigatus, stachybotrys

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6
Q

Viruses

A

Negri bodies of rabies, Hepatitis, Herpes (HSV), cytomegalovirus

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7
Q

Protozoans/Parasites

A

Entamoeba histolytica, malarial plasmodia, Giardia duodenalis

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8
Q

Kinyoun (AFB)

A

Demonstrates acid fast mycobacteria and Nocardia

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9
Q

Referred to as the “cold staining method” Why?

A

Kinyoun and because it has a high concentration of dye and doesn’t need to be heated

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10
Q

Kinyoun results

A

Mycobacteria and Nocardia: Dark pink

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11
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (AFB)

A

Demonstrates acid fast mycobacteria and Nocardia

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12
Q

Referred to as “hot staining method” why?

A

Ziehl-Nelsen and because it has a lower concentration of basic Fuchsin dye

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13
Q

Fite Acid fast stain
demonstrates

A

mycobacterium, nocardia, and leprae

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14
Q

Why do you not deparaffinize the fite stain and have to avoid alcohols?

A

The waxy capsules of the leprae are not alcohol fast and will dissolve, you deparaffinize them in xylene-peanut oil to help protect the waxy capsule.

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15
Q

Fite stain results

A

M.Leprae, mycobacteria, and Nocardia: Dark Pink

Background: Blue

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16
Q

Auramine-Rhodamine

A

Demonstrates acid fast mycobacteria (including dying/dead, making it the most specific)

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17
Q

Auramine-Rhodamine Results

A

Mycobacteria: Fluorescent yellow

Background: Black

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18
Q

Gram Stain

A

Gram + and Gram - bacteria

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19
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Crystal Violet

A

Stains everything

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20
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Gram’s/Lugol’s iodine

A

trapping agent, Mordant, adheres crystal violet to the gram + bacteria

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21
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Organic solvent (acetone or alcohols)

A

Removes crystal violet from everything except gram + structures

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22
Q

Gram Stain Reagents:
Red Dye

A

Gram negative and fibrin

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23
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Yellow dye

A

Counterstain

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24
Q

Gram Stain results

A

Gram +: blue/purple

Gram - and fibrin: red

Background: yellow

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25
Q

Giemsa- Modified Diff- quik Stain

A

H. Pylori and other bacteria

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26
Q

Giemsa Diff-Quik results

A

H.Pylori and nuclei: Dark Blue

Background: light blue

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27
Q

Alcian Yellow- Toluidine Blue

A

H. pylori and other bacteria

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28
Q

Alcian Yellow- Toluidine Blue Results

A

H.Pylori: dark blue

Mucin: yellow

Background: Pale blue

29
Q

Hotchkiss-McManus PAS

A

Fungus, Glycogen, GAgs, acidic glycoproteins

30
Q

Hotchkiss results

A

Fungi: magenta/pink, internal structures should be paler

Background: light green

31
Q

Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate method (GMS)

A

Fungus (dead and dying) and carbohydrates

32
Q

Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate method Results

A

Fungi: Black

Background: light green

33
Q

Warthin-Starry, Steiner, Dieterle Technique

A

Spirochetes and other bacteria as well

34
Q

Warthin-Starry, Steiner, Dieterle Technique Results

A

Spirochetes/bacteria: Black

Background: yellow/brown (no toner)

35
Q

Genta Triple Stain

A

Steiner + Alcian Blue + H&E

creates contrast, demonstrates bacteria, mucins, and morphological detail

36
Q

Phloxine-Tartrazine

A

Viral inclusion bodies (viruses)

37
Q

Phloxine-Tartrazine results

A

Inclusion bodies: Red/pink

Nuclei: grey/black (weigert hematoxylin)

Background: Yellow

38
Q

Mercury Pigment

A

Black, can’t be prevented but can be removed, tiny dark crystals

removal: iodine/hype

39
Q

Chrome Pigments

A

can prevent but cannot completely remove

Reduction: Acid alcohol

40
Q

Formalin Pigment

A

located in/near blood, black/brown, birefringent and argentaffin
Removal: Alcoholic picric acid and alkaline alcohol

41
Q

Malarial Pigment

A

In RBCS, Dark brown, composed of excess protein and hematin which is a byproduct of the metabolism of hemoglobin by the malarial parasite

Removal: Alcoholic picric acid or alkaline alcohol

42
Q

Where is hemosiderin stored?

A

BM and Liver
Disorder of Uric Acid metabolism
Gout

43
Q

Prussian Blue

A

Ferric Ions and Asbestos bodies

Prussian Blue results

Ferric ions: Blue

Nuclei and hemo fuchsin: blue

Background: red

44
Q

Prussian blue principle

A

HCL unmasks ferric ions from tissue and they react with potassium ferrocyanide forming prussian blue pigment which is aka ferric ferrocyanide

45
Q

Turnbull blue

A

Ferrous Ions

46
Q

Turnbull blue results

A

Ferrous ions: blue

Background: Pink/red

47
Q

Turnbull blue principle

A

Ferrous ions react with potassium ferricyanide and form the precipitate turnbull blue which is aka ferrous ferricyanide

48
Q

Schmorl technique

A

Argentaffin compound/components

49
Q

Schmorl results

A

Argentaffin substances (bile, melanin, chromatin) and lipofuscin: Blue

Mucin: Red-pink

Background: yellow

50
Q

Schmorl principle

A

Argentaffin components react with ferric ions in the ferric chloride which forms ferrous ions, then potassium ferricyanide reacts with ferrous ions giving off the turnbull blue pigment

51
Q

Fontana-Masson

A

Argentaffin Compounds/components

52
Q

Fontana-Masson Results

A

Argentaffin Substances- Black

Background- Red

53
Q

Fontana-Masson principle

A

You use Ammoniacal silver, then gold chloride, then NFR. You don’t need a reducer because it is demonstrating Argentaffin components.

54
Q

Grimelius and Churukian-Schenk

A

Argyrophilic compounds/components, carcinoid tumor and neuroendocrine cells

55
Q

Grimelius and Churukian-Schenk Results

A

Argentaffin and argyrophil substances: Black

Nuclei: Red

Background: yellow/brown/tan

56
Q

Silver method with a chemical reducer required?

A

Grimelius and Churukian-Schenk

Silver nitrate impregnation

Hydroquinone reducer

NFR counterstain

57
Q

Gormori Methenamine Silver Method

A

Urate crystals and uric acid

58
Q

Gormori Methenamine Silver Method Results

A

Urate crystals- black

Background- light green

59
Q

Gormori Methenamine Silver Method principle

A

No oxidizer required

60
Q

Methenamine silver

A

Sodium thiosulfate (hypo)

Light green

61
Q

Halls Bile stain (fouchets stain)

A

Bile

62
Q

Halls Bile stain (fouchets stain) results

A

Bile/hematoidin- Green

Muscle- Yellow

Collagen- Red

63
Q

Halls Bile stain (fouchets stain) principle

A

Fouchet’s reagent (ferric chloride and trichloroacetic acid) oxidizes bilirubin (yellow/brown) to biliverdin (green)
Van gieson is the counterstain

64
Q

Von Kossa stain

A

Calcium

65
Q

Von Kossa stain results

A

calcium/argentaffin substances: brown-black

Background: pink

66
Q

Von Kossa principle

A

Calcium phosphate in tissue reacts with silver ions in silver nitrate forming silver phosphate, which is reduced to metallic silver by natural or artificial light, forming a precipitate.

SInce light is used as a reducer this is technically Argyrophilic

67
Q

Rhodanine

A

Copper

68
Q

Rhodanine results

A

copper: reddish-brown

Background: purple blue

69
Q

Rhodanine principle

A

Rhodanine reacts with the protein attracted to the copper forming a color complex, then you apply mayer hematoxylin, then bluing solution

A. Question Bank (6 decks)

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