pancreas

Question 1

pancreas produces 2 types of secretion

Answer 1

• endocrine; insulin, glucagon and gastrin, from islets of langerhans
• exocrine; enzymes, electrolytes and water, from pancreatic acini –> duodenum

Question 2

which component of pancreas secretion is larger; endocrine or exocrine

Answer 2

exocrine

Question 3

exocrine secretions of pancreas are digestive juice produced in _____ and discharged into: ______

Answer 3

• pancreatic acini
• discharged into proximal part of duodenum through one or two ducts

Question 4

the exocrine secretion aka digestion juice contains digestive enzymes that break down

Answer 4

protein, carbohydrates and fats, as well as electrolytes and water

Question 5

endocrine component of pancreas comprises the

Answer 5

pancreatic islets (of langerhans)

Question 6

pancreatic islets (of langerhans)

Answer 6

clumps of cells that are scattered between the exocrine acini, and are the source of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin.

The islets are therefore really important in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, and maintaining blood sugar levels.

Question 7

pancreas gross anatomy

Answer 7

diffuse, lobulated organ, pinkish-red, can sometimes be yellowish

Question 8

location of pancreas

Answer 8

dorsal part of the abdominal cavity. It looks kind of like a salivary gland, although it is softer and more loosely knit

Question 9

pancreas is closely associated w

Answer 9

closely associated with the duodenum, and the stomach

Question 10

pancreas regarded as having a

Answer 10

body and 2 lobes
* works well for dogs but less for other species

Question 11

The pancreas develops from two primordia that bud from the proximal part of the embryonic duodenum:

Answer 11

the dorsal and ventral primordia

Question 12

the dorsal and ventral primordia buds later in development

Answer 12

merge

but we see evidence of dual origin of pancreas due to the duct system

Question 13

A greater pancreatic duct commonly drains the part of the pancreas that arises from the

Answer 13

ventral primordium

Question 14

greater pancreatic duct commonly opens into the duodenum w or just beside

Answer 14

bile duct

Question 15

A lesser (accessory duct) emerges from the part of the pancreas that arises from

Answer 15

dorsal primordium

Question 16

the lesser accessory duct enters duodenum on opposite aspect of gut at the

Answer 16

minor duodenal papilla

Question 17

ventral and dorsal primordium turns into what duct and enter duodenums at what papilla

Answer 17

• ventral: pancreatic duct: major papilla
• dorsal: accessory duct: minor papilla

Question 18

The duct system of the two lobes of the pancreas can

Answer 18

communicate within the gland

Question 19

bile duct may join w pancreatic duct to enter duodenum or may enter

Answer 19

seperately

Question 20

bile duct joins with pancreatic duct to enter duodenum in what species

Answer 20

horse, sheep and dog

Question 21

bile duct enters duodenum seperate from pancreatic duct in what species

Answer 21

pig, cow

Question 22

the bile duct passes oblqiuely through duodenal wall at major duodenal papilla, through the

Answer 22

sphincter of oddi

Question 23

the pancreas is surrounded by a v thin connective tissue capsule that invaginates into the gland to form

Answer 23

septae; serve as scaffolding for large blood vessels, and divide pancreas into distinctive lobules

Question 24

the pancreas is a compound ____ gland

Answer 24

acinous

Question 25

the lobules of pancreas bound together by loose connective tissue containing

Answer 25

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and excretory ducts

Question 26

pancreatic acini, what they do and how they are arranged

Answer 26

cells that synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes and arranged in grape-like clusters

Question 27

each acinus consists of a single row of

Answer 27

pyramidal epithelial cells converging on central lumen

Question 28

the acini release _____ containing enzyme precursors

Answer 28

zymogen granules

Question 29

zymogen granules are more common during

Answer 29

fasting

Question 30

zymogen

Answer 30

inactive substance (enzyme precursor) which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme

Question 31

the lumen of each acinus is contunous with a small duct that is bounded by pale- staining

Answer 31

centroacinar cells

Question 32

The lumen of each acinus is continuous with a small duct, that’s bounded by pale‐ staining centroacinar cells. Tjese lead into an ever larger duct network of intercalated then intralobular ducts which are lined by ______ the height of these epithelium ____ as duct becomes bigger and bigger

Answer 32

low columnar epithelium increases

Question 33

interlobular ducts epithelium

Answer 33

- ducts between lobes - stratified cuboidal

Question 34

intralobular lucts

Answer 34

- ducts within lobes - large, low columnar epithelium - contain goblet cells and small mucous glands so able to modify the secretion of the gland

Question 35

islets of langerhans

Answer 35

small masses of endocrine cells scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas

Question 36

islets of langerhans are demarcated (outlined by) by

Answer 36

reticular fibers

Question 37

each pancreas contains about _____ islets of langerhans

Answer 37

one million

Question 38

islet cells have a rich

Answer 38

blood and nerve supply

Question 39

name 3 types of islet cells that can be seen with special stains

Answer 39

alpha, beta, delta different adrenergic receptors for differing responses to catecholamines

Question 40

alpha, beta and delta islet cells frequency and what they produce

Answer 40

- alpha: 20%, produce glucagon - beta; 80%; produce insuline - delta; 5%; produce somatostatin - nongranular cells also present

Question 41

pancreas recieves generous blood supply from

Answer 41

cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries cranial is a branch of coeliac artery caudal is a branch from cranial mesenteric artery

Question 42

veins of pancreas drain to enter the

Answer 42

hepatic portal vein

Question 43

pancreas is supplied by both (nerves)

Answer 43

parasympathetic (vagal) and sympathetic

Question 44

EPI

Answer 44

- exocrine pancreatic insufficiency - lack of pancreatic exocrine secretion in SI - most common cause in dogs is pancreatic acinar atrophy - most common cause in cats in chronic pancreatitis - lose weight despite good appetite

Question 45

pancreatitis

Answer 45

- inflammation disrupts pancreas - prancreatic granules (zymogens which are harmless in their inactive form) are prematurely activated and released internally, digesting the pancreas itself - toxins released from this destruction of tissue are released into circulation and can cause body-wide inflammatory response - sudden fatty meal is classic cause

Question 46

Which of the following is an exocrine secretion of the pancreas? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Digestive enzymes D. Gastrin

Answer 46

Digestive enzymes

Question 46

look at table of species lobe differences

Question 47

Which part of the pancreas is in the mesoduodenum of the descending duodenum?

Answer 47

Right lobe

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding the development of the pancreatic ducts is CORRECT? A. The pancreas develops from two primordia that bud from the proximal part of the embryonic duodenum: the medial and ventral primordia. A greater pancreatic duct commonly drains the part of the pancreas that arises from the ventral primordium. A lesser (accessory duct) emerges from the part of the pancreas that arises from the medial primordium. B. The pancreas develops from two primordia that bud from the proximal part of the embryonic duodenum: the dorsal and ventral primordia. A greater pancreatic duct commonly drains the part of the pancreas that arises from the ventral primordium. A lesser (accessory duct) emerges from the part of the pancreas that arises from the dorsal primordium. C. The pancreas develops from two primordia that bud from the proximal part of the embryonic duodenum: the dorsal and ventral primordia. A greater pancreatic duct commonly drains the part of the pancreas that arises from the dorsal primordium. A lesser (accessory duct) emerges from the part of the pancreas that arises from the ventral primordium. D. A greater pancreatic duct commonly drains the part of the pancreas that arises from the ventral primordium. It opens into the duodenum together with, or just beside, the bile duct. Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum together on the minor duodenal papilla.

Answer 48

B. The pancreas develops from two primordia that bud from the proximal part of the embryonic duodenum: the dorsal and ventral primordia. A greater pancreatic duct commonly drains the part of the pancreas that arises from the ventral primordium. A lesser (accessory duct) emerges from the part of the pancreas that arises from the dorsal primordium.

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding acini is INCORRECT? A. Cells that synthesise and secrete digestive enzymes are arranged in grape-like clusters called acini B. Each acinus consists of a single row of pyramidal epithelial cells converging on the central lumen C. Pancreatic acini release zymogen granules containing enzyme precursors D. Pancreatic acini are small masses of endocrine cells

Answer 49

Pancreatic acini are small masses of endocrine cells

Question 50

Which islet cells secrete insulin?

Answer 50

Beta (B) cells

Question 51

Which islet cells secrete glucagon?

Answer 51

Alpha (A) cells

Question 52

Which islet cells secrete somatostatin?

Answer 52

Delta (D) cells