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digestive anatomy intro Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of digestive tract

A
  • digestion; food broken down or converted into form where it can be absorbed
  • absorption; released nutrients are taken up by mucosal cells after food is digested
  • motility; the GI tract transports food as well as digestive secretions
  • elimination of waste; anything that hasn’t been absorbed is expelled from the body
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2
Q

break down of food into small enough parts requires

A

enzymes, secreted in mouth, stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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3
Q

buccal cavity

A

aka oral cavity, teeth, tongue and pharynx

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4
Q

oesophagus in birds is

A

enlarged into crop

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5
Q

small intestine consists of

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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6
Q

large intestine consists of

A

colon, caecum and rectum

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7
Q

extrinsic glands/ organs consist of

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver

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8
Q

fore-gut fermenters

A

fermentation takes place BEFORE reaching glandular stomach and small intestine

(ruminants)

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9
Q

hind gut fermesters

A

fermentation takes place in large intestine and caecum (AFTER food passed through stomach and SI)

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10
Q

cardiovascular system and interaction with digestive system

A

Blood supplies digestive organs with O2 and energy (processed nutrients)

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11
Q

endocrine system and interaction with digestive system

A

hormones help regulate digestive gland and accessory organ secretion

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12
Q

integumentary system and interaction with digestive system

A

helps protect digestive organs

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13
Q

lymphatic system and interaction with digestive system

A

mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue defends against entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipid; lymphatic vessels transport lipids to circulation

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14
Q

muscular system and interaction with digestive system

A

skeletal muscles provide support, protect abdominal organs and aid in defecation

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15
Q

nervous system and interaction with digestive system

A

Sensory and Motor Neurons
Intrinsic (enteric nervous system) and extrinsic (autonomic nervous
system – sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Regulate secretions and muscle contraction in the digestive tract

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16
Q

respiratory system and interaction with digestive system

A

Provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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17
Q

skeletal system and interaction with digestive system

A

Protect and support digestive organs

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18
Q

urinary system and interaction with digestive system

A

Aid calcium absorption in the small intestine (via vitamin D activation)

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19
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively constant internal environments

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20
Q

homeostasis requires

A
  • Consistent monitoring: Feedback, usually negative, sometimes positive or pre-emptive
  • Capacity to make changes and adjust internal environment: integrated endocrine and neural response
  • Defence against external environment; Microbes, Temperature, Water
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21
Q

paracrine response

A

refers to a hormone which only has effect in
close proximity of the gland secreting it; the signalling cell is close
to the target cell.

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22
Q

endocrine response

A

hormonal secretion; secreting endocrine cell into blood and to distant target cell via receptors

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23
Q

other functions of digestive system not including nutritional functions

A

excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, immunity

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24
Q

to maintain healthy gut:

why

A

presence of food is essential; enterocytes rely of food to maintain tight junctions between cells

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25
without food in the system:
the permeability increases and undigested food particles, bacteria and toxins can cross over into the bloodstream, which can result in sepsis.
26
MECHANICAL processes of digestion
Prehension Mastication Deglutition Rumination Storage Motility of the wall Defecation Vomiting
27
CHEMICAL processes of digestion
enzymatic or non-enzymatic
28
CHEMICAL processes of digestion: stomach releases pepsinogen (an enzyme precursor) and acid (non enzymatic secretion) into the lumen, what happens?
The acid activates pepsinogen to form pepsin which is an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds ‐ protein digestion. The acid also causes the proteins to unravel and lose their 3‐D structure, aiding in the breakdown of those bonds by pepsin
29
SECRETORY processes of digestion
- includes external glands: salivary glands, liver or pancreas - and internal glands: secretory cells which reside in walls of stomach and intestine
30
microbiome
community of organisms living together in a specific habitat
31
microbiota
all living members forming microbiome: bacteria, protozoa, archaea, fungi, algae
32
mono =gastric
one stomach ie simple stomach
33
ruminants
to chew over again; rumen, 4 stomachs pseudo-ruminants; camelids, 3 stomachs
34
hind gut fermenters
can survive from lower quality forage seen in monogastric herbivores
35
giant panda is a member of the carnivores but is
entirely vegetarian so the true taxonomic relationships of herbivore, omnivore, carnivore doesn't necessarily mean diet
36
carnivores have
meat eating teeth, simple stomach, short intestine if animal also consumes non-animal food, they are omnivores
37
omnivores
variety of food intermediate length digestive tract, medium length intestines
38
herbivores
- long intestines - teeth for mechanical grinding - cellulose in plant cell walls cannot be digested by mammalian enzymes - micro-organisms needed - fermentation chamber
39
coprophagy
eating own feces; increase the effectiveness of digestion
40
frugivores
animal eats mostly raw fruits or roots, shoots, nuts and seeds
41
insectivores
eat insects, worms and other invertebrates
42
sanguinivores
consume blood
43
4 major tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
43
epithelial tissue
covers surface of body, and lines body cavities and hollow organs, specialized according to function
44
connective tissue
supports and binds other tissues together, also includes blood and bone marrow
45
connective tissue consists of 3 main components
- fibers (elastin or collagen fiber, ground substance and cells) - connective tissue cell nuclei - collagen fibers
46
3 types of muscle tissue
- smooth muscle (around organs; involuntary contraction) - skeletal muscle (involved in locomotion and posture) - cardiac muscle (heart)
47
nervous tissue
regulates and controls the function and activity of the body using both electrical and chemical messengers to conduct signals from one part of the body to another
48
4 tunics of tube of the esophagus to the rectum from inner to outer
- tunica mucosa - tunica submucosa - tunica muscularis (aka muscularis externa) - tunica serosa
49
3 layers of tunica mucosa (inner most layer) from inner to outer
- epithelium; stratified squamous or simple columnar - lamina propria; connective tissue - muscularis mucosa; smooth muscle
49
epithelium is derived from
embryonic endoderm
50
what layer gives rise to the glands
epithelial layer
51
Stratified squamous epithelium
provides protection from abrasion; seen in skin and in non-absorbable areas of GIT ex esophagus
52
Columnar epithelium
elongated cells have lots of cytoplasm, helps them undergo cellular processes, helps in digestion and absorption, often excretory or absorptive or both ex in stomach and intestines
53
Enterocytes;
absorptive cells of intestine, are simple columnar epithelial cells, line inner surface of small and large intestine, have microvilli to increase SA for absorption Enterocytes also secrete hormones such as leptin.
54
glycocalyx;
surface coat sitting on apical membrane containing digestive enzymes
55
Base of cell
basolateral membrane
56
Lamina propria
- Layer of loose connective tissue - Contains immune cells, small blood vessels (capillaries) and lymphatic vessels (lacteals) - Carry absorbed nutrients away from GIT and into the circulation
57
Muscularis mucosae (last layer of Tunica mucosa)
- Layer of small muscle - Separates the connective tissue layers of the lamina propria and submucosa
58
Tunica submucosa (second tunic)
- Connective tissue - Lies directly beneath mucosa - Contains blood and lymph vessels - Also contains nerves; submucosal/ meissner’s plexus - May or may not contain glands - Important for surgery; strength layer because contains larger bundles of collagen fibers - Want to make sure we suture into submucosal layer
59
Tunica muscularis (aka muscularis externa)
- Made up of 2 layers of muscle - Inner circular muscle; contracting down to mix and propel food - Outer longitudinal muscle; propels wave along as contraction is going - Auerbach’s nerve plexus (myenteric plexus) - Sometimes there is an additional muscle layer
60
submucosal plexus aka meissner’s plexus
- found in tunica submucosa - This is a critical part of the digestive tract's nervous system. It provides nervous control to the mucosa
61
Auerbach’s nerve plexus aka myenteric plexus
- found in tunica musculari - this is one of two principle components of the enteric nervous system.
62
Tunica serosa/ adventitia
Tunica serosa - Connective tissue covered by mesothelium tissue in abdomen - Fluid so nothing sticks Tunica adventitia (no mesothelium layer, don’t need fluid, don’t need the slip) - Connective tissue that blends with surround connective tissue form other organs - Neck, thorax and anal region
63
Regulation of the GI tract Intrinsic innervation (enteric nervous system ENS)
- Submucosal and myenteric (aurbach’s) plexuses - Local regulation of GI tract - Paracrine secretion; molecules acting locally - Hormonal secretion; secreted by the mucosa
64
Regulation of the GI tract Extrinsic innervation
- Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) stimulate motility and GI secretions - Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) reduce peristalsis and secretory activity

VETS1003 (23 decks)

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