Pancrease

Question 1

Beta cells of the pancreas make up what percent of the cells and what do they secrete?

Answer 1

65, insulin

Question 2

Glucagon stimulus what to produce glucose?

Answer 2

Hepatocyte (liver)

Question 3

In normal individuals what is the normal glucose level between means

Answer 3

90gm/dL

Question 4

PP is decreased by what?

Answer 4

Somatostatin and IV glucose

Question 5

Alpha cells make up what percent of pancreatic cell, and what do they secrete ?

Answer 5

20, glucagon

Question 6

Glucagon is the exact opposite of insulin?

Answer 6

No, but it’s close

Question 7

The levels of C peptide actually reflect what in people with type I diabetes mellitus ?

Answer 7

B cell function NOT insulin levels

Question 8

What promotes the utilization of CHO, fats, amino acids?

Answer 8

Glucagon

Question 9

Pre sympathetic cell bodies in the islets originate where?

Answer 9

Intermediolateral horn cells

Question 10

Pre sympathetic cell bodies synapse with postganlionic fibers where?

Answer 10

Paravertebral ganglion and celiac ganglion

Question 11

Insulin in synthesized by what cells ?

Answer 11

Beta cells

Question 12

Tyrosine kinase activity is on what subunit?

Answer 12

Beta

Question 13

Normal peak blood glucose during oral glucose test is what after 2 hours?

Answer 13

180

Question 14

What cells are found in the central core?

Answer 14

Beta (secrete insulin)

Question 15

For an oral glucose tolerance test an individual takes ___ of glucose and is observed for _______hours

Answer 15

100 gms, 4

Question 16

Insipidus means what?

Answer 16

Tasteless

Question 17

What either activates of inhibit proteins to procure various metabolic actions of insulin>?

Answer 17

Phosphorylation

Question 18

Does preproinsulin or pro insulin have the signal peptide?

Answer 18

Preproinsulin

Question 19

What rapidly activates incretins?

Answer 19

DDP-4

Question 20

What packages up c peptide and insulin in secretory graulues?

Answer 20

Golgi apparatus

Question 21

What does insulin promote?

Answer 21

Uptake of k+ uptake into cells also with glucose uptake

Question 22

Gap junctions connect what 3 things?

Answer 22

Alpha to alpha, beta to beta, and alpha to beta

Question 23

What is the SNS innervation to the pancreas?

Answer 23

Adrenergic and peptidergic

Question 24

What hormone has an independent positive effect on insulin secreting adding to the direct effect of glucose on a B cell?

Answer 24

GIP

Question 25

What does insulin do to blood glucose?

Answer 25

Decrease

Question 26

What functions to modulate or limit the responses of insulin and glucagon to ingestion of food?

Answer 26

Somatostatin

Question 27

Where does insulin metabolism occur?

Answer 27

Liver and kidneys

Question 28

Oral glucose is ____than intravenous glucose as a stimulant of insulin due to what?

Answer 28

Greater than, incretin effect

Question 29

Pre para fibers come from where to synapse with cholinergic and peptidergic neurons where?

Answer 29

Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, pancreatic ganglion

Question 30

Insulin has a direct effects on what center by stimulating what nucleus?

Answer 30

Hypothalamic satiety center, ventromedial nucleus

Question 31

When the a ability of nutrients in the body is higher than body demands what ensures that access nutrients are stored?

Answer 31

Insulin

Question 32

Insulin decreases what 3 things?

Answer 32

Blood glucose concentration, blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentration, blood amino acid concentration.

Question 33

Alpha cells are stimulated directly by what ?

Answer 33

Argenine

Question 34

What is the Para symp nervous system innervation to the pancreas>

Answer 34

Cholinergic and peptidergic

Question 35

Insulin is the first hormone to have what done?

Answer 35

Isolated from animal sources, primary and tertiary structure determined, to be measured by RIA, to be synthesized by a lager hormone (pro hormone)

Question 36

Glucose is transported into B cells via what?

Answer 36

GLUT 2

Question 37

Glucagon is synthesized and secreted by what inlet cells>

Answer 37

Alpha

Question 38

Activation of pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers causes stimulation of_____and inhibition of _______

Answer 38

Glucagon, insulin

Question 39

What maintains blood glucose in the fasting state?

Answer 39

Glucagon

Question 40

What does type II diabetes mellitus mean?

Answer 40

Insulin resistant, associated with obisesty, Elevated blood glucose, insulin receptors are down regulated.

Question 41

A measurement of what is the basis for a test of be cell function in a person with what?

Answer 41

C-peptide, type I diabetes mellitus (receiving injections of ex insulin)

Question 42

Mellitus means

Answer 42

Sweet

Question 43

Somatostatin is inhibited by what?

Answer 43

Insulin

Question 44

Insulin synthesis is directed by a gene on what chromosome?

Answer 44

11

Question 45

What are the 4 types of islets of langerhans

Answer 45

A, b, o, PP

Question 46

Does IV glucose cause release of GIP?

Answer 46

Bo

Question 47

What does type one diabetes mellitus mean?

Answer 47

Inadequate insulin secretion, hyperkalemina, increase in ketoacid, FA, blood glucose, amino acids

Question 48

What 4 things does glucagon stimulate?

Answer 48

Gluconeogenesis, lipogenis, ketogenesis, ureogeneis

Question 49

The concentration of what is the most important determinat of glucagon secretion?

Answer 49

Glucose

Question 50

What are some things that inhibit glucagon ?

Answer 50

Glucose, insulin, somatostatin, GLP-1

Question 51

What inhibits glucagon secretion ?

Answer 51

Insulin and FFA

Question 52

There is a rich complement of sensory fibers that join what nerve and then enter the spinal chord?

Answer 52

Splanchnic nerve

Question 53

What is the function of PP?

Answer 53

Self regulate the pancreas secretory activities

Question 54

Where are O cells found in the pancreas ?

Answer 54

They're inter spread (somatostatin)

Question 55

What drug is used to treat type II diabetes mellitus by Closing K channels that effect insulin secretion?

Answer 55

Sulfonylurea

Question 56

What is the hormone of starvation ?

Answer 56

Glucagon

Question 57

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

Answer 57

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, ghrelin

Question 58

Insulin is stored in the secretory granules complex with what?

Answer 58

Zinc

Question 59

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called what?

Answer 59

The islets of langerhans (make up 1-2% of pancreatic mass)

Question 60

Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by what cells?

Answer 60

PP (f) cells

Question 61

O cells of the pancreas make up what percent of cells and what do they secrete?

Answer 61

10% and somatostatin

Question 62

If plasma glucose is greater than what, secretion of glucagon is max inhibited

Answer 62

200

Question 63

What are some things that inhibit insulin?

Answer 63

Fasting, exercising, somatostatin, epi, norepi, IGF-1, leptin, diazoxide

Question 64

What cell is found in the outer rim?

Answer 64

Alpha (they secrete glucagon)

Question 65

What causes the increase in insulin release after eating?

Answer 65

Incretin

Question 66

Do incretins (GIP and GLP) have a slow or fast rate of intestinal absorption?

Answer 66

Slow

Question 67

Proinsulin is shuttled where to form disulfide bridges?

Answer 67

E.R.