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Endo2 > Pancrease > Flashcards

Pancrease Flashcards

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1
Q

Beta cells of the pancreas make up what percent of the cells and what do they secrete?

A

65, insulin

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2
Q

Glucagon stimulus what to produce glucose?

A

Hepatocyte (liver)

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3
Q

In normal individuals what is the normal glucose level between means

A

90gm/dL

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4
Q

PP is decreased by what?

A

Somatostatin and IV glucose

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5
Q

Alpha cells make up what percent of pancreatic cell, and what do they secrete ?

A

20, glucagon

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6
Q

Glucagon is the exact opposite of insulin?

A

No, but it’s close

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7
Q

The levels of C peptide actually reflect what in people with type I diabetes mellitus ?

A

B cell function NOT insulin levels

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8
Q

What promotes the utilization of CHO, fats, amino acids?

A

Glucagon

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9
Q

Pre sympathetic cell bodies in the islets originate where?

A

Intermediolateral horn cells

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10
Q

Pre sympathetic cell bodies synapse with postganlionic fibers where?

A

Paravertebral ganglion and celiac ganglion

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11
Q

Insulin in synthesized by what cells ?

A

Beta cells

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12
Q

Tyrosine kinase activity is on what subunit?

A

Beta

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13
Q

Normal peak blood glucose during oral glucose test is what after 2 hours?

A

180

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14
Q

What cells are found in the central core?

A

Beta (secrete insulin)

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15
Q

For an oral glucose tolerance test an individual takes ___ of glucose and is observed for _______hours

A

100 gms, 4

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16
Q

Insipidus means what?

A

Tasteless

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17
Q

What either activates of inhibit proteins to procure various metabolic actions of insulin>?

A

Phosphorylation

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18
Q

Does preproinsulin or pro insulin have the signal peptide?

A

Preproinsulin

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19
Q

What rapidly activates incretins?

A

DDP-4

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20
Q

What packages up c peptide and insulin in secretory graulues?

A

Golgi apparatus

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21
Q

What does insulin promote?

A

Uptake of k+ uptake into cells also with glucose uptake

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22
Q

Gap junctions connect what 3 things?

A

Alpha to alpha, beta to beta, and alpha to beta

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23
Q

What is the SNS innervation to the pancreas?

A

Adrenergic and peptidergic

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24
Q

What hormone has an independent positive effect on insulin secreting adding to the direct effect of glucose on a B cell?

A

GIP

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25
What does insulin do to blood glucose?
Decrease
26
What functions to modulate or limit the responses of insulin and glucagon to ingestion of food?
Somatostatin
27
Where does insulin metabolism occur?
Liver and kidneys
28
Oral glucose is ____than intravenous glucose as a stimulant of insulin due to what?
Greater than, incretin effect
29
Pre para fibers come from where to synapse with cholinergic and peptidergic neurons where?
Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, pancreatic ganglion
30
Insulin has a direct effects on what center by stimulating what nucleus?
Hypothalamic satiety center, ventromedial nucleus
31
When the a ability of nutrients in the body is higher than body demands what ensures that access nutrients are stored?
Insulin
32
Insulin decreases what 3 things?
Blood glucose concentration, blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentration, blood amino acid concentration.
33
Alpha cells are stimulated directly by what ?
Argenine
34
What is the Para symp nervous system innervation to the pancreas>
Cholinergic and peptidergic
35
Insulin is the first hormone to have what done?
Isolated from animal sources, primary and tertiary structure determined, to be measured by RIA, to be synthesized by a lager hormone (pro hormone)
36
Glucose is transported into B cells via what?
GLUT 2
37
Glucagon is synthesized and secreted by what inlet cells>
Alpha
38
Activation of pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers causes stimulation of_____and inhibition of _______
Glucagon, insulin
39
What maintains blood glucose in the fasting state?
Glucagon
40
What does type II diabetes mellitus mean?
Insulin resistant, associated with obisesty, Elevated blood glucose, insulin receptors are down regulated.
41
A measurement of what is the basis for a test of be cell function in a person with what?
C-peptide, type I diabetes mellitus (receiving injections of ex insulin)
42
Mellitus means
Sweet
43
Somatostatin is inhibited by what?
Insulin
44
Insulin synthesis is directed by a gene on what chromosome?
11
45
What are the 4 types of islets of langerhans
A, b, o, PP
46
Does IV glucose cause release of GIP?
Bo
47
What does type one diabetes mellitus mean?
Inadequate insulin secretion, hyperkalemina, increase in ketoacid, FA, blood glucose, amino acids
48
What 4 things does glucagon stimulate?
Gluconeogenesis, lipogenis, ketogenesis, ureogeneis
49
The concentration of what is the most important determinat of glucagon secretion?
Glucose
50
What are some things that inhibit glucagon ?
Glucose, insulin, somatostatin, GLP-1
51
What inhibits glucagon secretion ?
Insulin and FFA
52
There is a rich complement of sensory fibers that join what nerve and then enter the spinal chord?
Splanchnic nerve
53
What is the function of PP?
Self regulate the pancreas secretory activities
54
Where are O cells found in the pancreas ?
They're inter spread (somatostatin)
55
What drug is used to treat type II diabetes mellitus by Closing K channels that effect insulin secretion?
Sulfonylurea
56
What is the hormone of starvation ?
Glucagon
57
What hormones does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, ghrelin
58
Insulin is stored in the secretory granules complex with what?
Zinc
59
Endocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called what?
The islets of langerhans (make up 1-2% of pancreatic mass)
60
Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by what cells?
PP (f) cells
61
O cells of the pancreas make up what percent of cells and what do they secrete?
10% and somatostatin
62
If plasma glucose is greater than what, secretion of glucagon is max inhibited
200
63
What are some things that inhibit insulin?
Fasting, exercising, somatostatin, epi, norepi, IGF-1, leptin, diazoxide
64
What cell is found in the outer rim?
Alpha (they secrete glucagon)
65
What causes the increase in insulin release after eating?
Incretin
66
Do incretins (GIP and GLP) have a slow or fast rate of intestinal absorption?
Slow
67
Proinsulin is shuttled where to form disulfide bridges?
E.R.

Endo2 (4 decks)

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