Paper 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Talk about the Ligament in a Synovial
Joint
A
Structure- Strong band of fibrous tissue which are fixed to the bones in a joint
Functions- Connects bone to bone
2
Q
Talk about the Articular Cartilage in a Synovial Joint
A
Structure- Smooth cartilage that is spongy end covers ends of bones in joint
Function- Absorb shock and prevent friction between the ends of the bones in a joint
3
Q
Talk about Synovial Membrane in Synovial Joint
A
Structure- Very thin membrane which lines the inside surface of joint capsule
Function- Produces synovial fluid
4
Q
Talk about Synovial Fluid in the Synovial Joint
A
Structure- Oily fluid, yellowish in colour
Function- Lubricate the cartilage surfaces by reducing friction between them
5
Q
Identify three structures of the hip joint and describe the role of each structure during physical performance (3)
A
1) The hip joint has a ligament which connects bone to bone and this allows movement in the legs during physical performance
2) The hip joint has articular cartilage and this reduces risk of injury by absorbing shock in physical performance
3) The hip joint has synovial fluid and this reduces friction between the pelvis and femur
6
Q
Talk about Transverse Plane
A
-Divides the body into upper and lower parts
-Movements are: Rotation, Lateral Rotation, Lateral Extension
E.G. Rotation of the arm in a discus throw
7
Q
Talk about Frontal Plane
A
-Divides the body into anterior/front and posterior/back
-Movements are: Abduction, Adduction
E.G. Cartwheel
8
Q
Talk about Sagittal Plane
A
- Divides the body into left and right from the medial to the lateral
- Movements are: Flexion, Extension, Plantar Flexion, Dorsi Flexion
E.G. Extension and Flexion of the arm in a bicep curl
9
Q
What is Flexion?
A
A decrease in the angle around the Joint (forwards- except the knee)
10
Q
What is extension?
A
An increase in the angle around a joint (Backwards- except the knee)
11
Q
What is abduction?
A
Movement away from the midline of the body
12
Q
What is adduction?
A
Movement towards the midline of the body
13
Q
What is rotation?
A
Movement of a bone around its axis.
Rotation Inward= Medial
Rotation Outward= Lateral
14
Q
What is circumduction?
A
The lower end of the bone moves in a circle
15
Q
What is Horizontal Flexion?
A
Arm parallel to ground, shoulder joint moves towards the middle of the body
16
Q
What us Horizontal Extension?
A
Arm parallel to ground, Shoulder moves away from the middle of the body
17
Q
What is Plantar Flexion?
A
Bending the foot downwards away from the shin
18
Q
What is Dorsi Flexion?
A
Bending the foot upwards towards the shin
19
Q
What is the agonist muscle?
A
The muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint, the prime mover
20
Q
What is the Antagonist muscle?
A
A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement
21
Q
What is the Fixator Muscle?
A
A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement
22
Q
Talk about the Wrist Joint?
A
Joint type: Condyloid
Articulating Bones: Radius, Ulna, Carpals
Agonist- Antagonist Flexion= Wrist Flexors, Wrist Extensors Extension= Wrist Extensors, Wrist Flexors
23
Q
Talk about the Elbow Joint?
A
Joint Type: hinge
Articulating Muscles:mHumerus, Radius, Ulna
AGONIST->ANTAGONIST
Flexion= Bicep Brachii ->Tricep Brachii
Extension=Tricep Brachii-> Bicep Brachii
24
Q
Talk about Shoulder Joint( FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION)
A
Joint type: Ball and Socket
Articulating Bones: Humerus, Scapula
Agonist->Antagonist
FLEXION= Anterior Deltoid-> Posterior Deltoid
EXTENSION=Posterior Deltoid-> Anterior Deltoid
ABDUCTION=Middle Deltoid-> Latissimus Dorsi
ADDUCTION= Latissimus Dorsi-> Middle Deltoid
25
Talk about Shoulder Join(ONLY HORIZONTAL FLEXION AND EXTENSION, LATERAL AND MEDIAL ROTATION)
AGONIST-ANTAGONIST
HORIZONTAL FLEXION= Pectoralis Major-> Posterior Deltoid
HORIZONTAL EXTENSION= Posterior Deltoid-> Pectoralis Major
LATERAL ROTATION= Teres Minor-> Teres Major
MEDIAL ROTATION= teres Major-> Teres Minor
26
Talk about the Hip Joint
Joint Type: Ball and Socket
Articulating Bones: Femur Pelvis
27
Talk about the Hip Joint/ Range of Movement
AGONIST-> ANTAGONIST
FLEXION= iliopsoas-> Gluteus Maximus
EXTENSION= Gluteus Maximus-> Iliopsoa
ABDUCTION= Gluteus Medius-> Adductor Longus
ADDUCTION= Adductor Longus-> Gluteus Medius
MEDIAL ROTATION= Gluteus Minimus-> Gluteus Maximus
LATERAL ROTATION-> Gluteus Maximus-> Gluteus Minimus
28
Talk about the Knee Joint
Joint Type- Hinge
Articulating Bones: Femur, Tibia
AGONIST-> ANTAGONIST
FLEXION= Bicep Femoris-> Rectus Femoris
EXTENSION= Rectus Femoris-> Bicep Femoris
29
Talk about the Ankle Joint
Joint Type: Hinge
Articulating Bones: Tibia, Fibula, Talus
AGONIST-ANTAGONIST
PLANTARFLEXION= Gastrocnemius-> Tibialis Anterior
DORSIFLEXION= Tibialis Anterior-> Gastrocnemius
30
What is the Origin?
The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
31
What is Insertion?
The point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction
32
What is concentric contraction?
Muscle shortens under tension
33
What is Eccentric Contraction?
Muscle lengthens under tension
34
What is isometric Contraction?
Muscle stays the same length
35
What is the Motor Unit made up of?
Motor Neuron and Muscle Fibres
36
What are the steps of the Motor Unit?
1) Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
2) Nerve action potential pundits nerve impulse down the axon to the motor end plates
3) Neurotransmitter called acetlycholine is secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct nerve impulse across gap
4) If electric charge is above threshold, muscle fibre will contract
5) This happens in all or none fashion
37
What is the all or non law?
When stimulated, all the fibres within a motor unit contract completely or not at all
38
Talk about Slow Oxidative Muscle Fibres?
Structural-
-Small Neuron size
- Few fibres per neuron
- Many mitochondria
-Low PC but high Myoglobin content
Functional:
- Slow speed of contraction
-Low force of contraction
-High aerobic capacity
e.g. Marathon runners
39
Talk about Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibre?
Structural-
-Large neuron size
-Many fibres per neuron
-Moderate number of mitchondria
-Moderate Myoglobin content, High PC stores
Functional:
-Fast speed of contraction
-High force of contraction
-Low aerobic capacity but high anaerobic
e.g. 800m runner
40
Talk about Fast Glycolytic Fibre?
Structural:
-Large neuron size
-Many fibres per neuron
-Low number of mitchondria
-High PC store but low myoglobin content
Functional:
-Fastest speed of contraction
-Highest force of contraction
-Lowest aerobic capacity but highest anaerobic capacity
e.g. 100m sprinter
41
What does phosphocreatine do (PC)?
Rapid energy production which helps produce large amount of force
42
What does myoglobin do?
Transfers of oxygen to mitochondria for aerobic respiration
43
What are the steps in the Conduction System of the Heart?
1) SA node generates electrical impulse
2) AV node collects impulse and releases it to the Bundle of His
3) Bundle of His splits impulse into two
4) Bundle Branches which carry impulse to base of each ventricle
5) Purkinje fibres distribute the I,pulse through ventricle walls
44
What happens during Diastole?
1) Both atria fill will blood
2) Atrial blood pressure rises above ventricular pressure
3) AV valves open and blood passes passively into both ventricles
45
What happens during atrial systole?
1) Both atria contract, actively forcing blood into ventricles
2) Semi-lunar valves remain closed
46
What happens during ventricle systole?
1) Both ventricles contract increasing ventricular pressure
2) Semi-lunar valves open and AV valves close
3) Blood force out; aorta to body tissue, pulmonary to lungs
47
Talk about HR?
AO1) Heart rate is the number of ventricular contractions in a minute.
AO2) During exercise, the HR increases as the sympathetic nervous system increases stimulation of the SA node via accelerator nerve, greater force of ventricular contraction. HR increases from 50-72 upto 220-age during maximum intensity
AO3) Increases due to:
- Action of the Cardiac Control centre
- Due to neural control mechanisms
- Due to Intrinsic control where Temperature increases, which increases speed of nerve, venous return increases, so HR increases
- Due to hormonal control, increase in adrenaline, increases HR
48
Talk about Stroke Volume?
AO1) Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one contraction
AO2) e.g. During exercise, SV increases as force of contraction increases, SV increases from 70-100ml up to 100-200ml depending on intensity
AO3) Increase in SV due to:
- Increase in venous return
- Starlings Law which states SV is dependent on VR, if VR increases so does SV
49
Talk about Cardiac Output?
AO1) Cardiac Output is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle per minute. Q= HR x SV
AO2) During exercise, Q increases from 5L/min up to 10-40L/min, due to HR and SV increasing, player can play more shots without fatigue
AO3) Increased due to:
-Increased temperature during the match which lowers blood viscosity so increases flow
50
Talk about Neural Control in CCC?
Propio- detects increase/decrease in movement
Baro- Detects increase/decrease in blood pressure
Chemo- Increase CO2/ Decrease in O2.
51
Talk about Hormonall Control in CCC?
Ad-Detects increase/decrease in adrenaline
52
Talk about Intrinsic Control in CCC?
Thermo- Detects increase/decrease in temp
53
Talk about the sympathetic nervous system in CCC?
-Increases stimulation of the SA node via accelerator nerve. Greater force of ventricular contraction. Increases HR
54
Talk about the parasympathetic nervous system in CCC?
-Decreases stimulation of SA node via Vagus Nerve. Reduced force of ventricular contraction. Reduces HR
55
Talk about Vascular Shunt?
AO1) The vascular shunt is the redistribution of cardiac output/blood flow during exercise
AO2) During the Match, 20% of blood flow to muscle whereas during the match, 80% of blood flow to working muscles
AO3ncreased due to:
- Neural control mechanisms, chemo and Baro
- Controlled by the Vasomotor Control Centre/VCC
-Increased sympathetic stimulation decreases and distributes blood flow away from the non-essential organs
-Decreases sympathetic stimulation increases and distributes blood flow towards the working muscles
56
Talk about Venous Return?
AO1) The return of blood to the right atrium
AO2) During the match, Player needs high VR so that SV and Q can be maintained
AO3) Increased due to:
-Starlings Law
57
What is Starlings Law?
SV is dependent on VR. If VR increases, the SV increases
58
Talk about the Mechanisms of Venous Return?
AO1) Mechanisms of venous return assist the return of blood back to the heart
AO2) Pocket valves in veins prevent back flow of blood, smooth muscles in wall vasoconstriction to increase venous pressure
- Gravity helps blood from upper body to be returned
59
Talk about Increase in Venous Return?
AO1) VR increases in exercise due to increased impact of muscle pump
AO2) During Match, Increased movement e.g. running to play shot increases VR
AO3) -Increase force and number of contractions of leg muscles caused increase squeeze on veins and increase flow to heart
60
What happens when Increased sympathetic Stimulation in VCC?
-Decrease and distribute blood away from non-essential organs
61
What happens when Decreased Sympathetic Stimulation in VCC?
-Increase and distribute blood towards working muscles
62
Describe the roles of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters during exercise and recovery
Arterioles:
-During exercise, vasodilation of arterioles to working body muscles and vasoconstriction to non-essential muscles/organs
-During recovery, vasodilation of arterioles to organs
Pre-Capillary Sphincters:
- During exercise, Vasodilation of them to working muscles, vasoconstriction to non-essential organs/muscles
-During recovery, Vasodilation of them to organs
63
What are the roles of pre-capillary sphincters and arterioles?
Redistribute blood flow/cardiac output
64
Effect on exercise-external Respiration?
-Muscle tissue use more O2 and as a result more CO2
-Steeper diffusion gradient
-Deoxygenated blood travelling from muscles to lungs has higher pCO2 than at rest
65
Talk about Inspiration during exercise?
-Diaphragm and external intercostals contract with more force
-Sternocleidomastoid and pectoral's minor contract
- Diaphragm flattens more
-Ribcage moves up and out more
-Thoracic cavity volume increase mores
-Pressure of air inside lungs decrease more
-Larger volume of air moves in
-Depth of breathing increases
66
What is the definition of Tidal Volume?
Volume of air inspired/expired in one breath
67
Talk about expiration during exercise?
-Diaphragm and external intercostals relax more
-Internal intercostals and rectus abdominis contract
-Diaphragm is pushed further into ribcage
- Pressure of air inside lungs increase more
-ribcage moves down and in more
-Larger volume or air moves out
-Rate of breathing increases
68
Effect on exercise- Internal Respiration?
-Muscle tissue demand for O2 increases in line with exercise intensity during aerobic respiration
- More intense exercise= higher pCo2 in muscles
-Steeper diffusion gradient
69
What is the definition of respiratory Control Centre (RCC)?
1) Stimulated in brain and controls respiration rate and depth
70
What is the definition of Inspiratory Centre?
Part of RCC that controls inspiration
71
What is the definition of Expiratory Centre (EC)?
The part of RCC that controls expiration, inactive at rest
72
Talk about Inspiration at rest?
-Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
-Ribcage moves up and out and diaphragm flattens
-Thoracic cavity volume increases
-Lung air pressure decreases
-Air rushes in
73
What is the Bohr Shift?
The move in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to right cause by increase in acidity in bloodstream
74
What are the three effects of exercise which increase dissociation of O2 from haemoglobin?
Increase in temp, Increase in production of CO2, Increase production of lactic acid and carbonic acid
75
talk about expiration at rest?
-Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
-Ribcage moves down and in
-Thoracic cavity volume decreases
-Lung air pressure increases
-Air rushes out
76
What is the definition of minute volume?
Volume of air inspired/ expired in one minute
77
What is the calculation for minute volume?
VE= TV x F
78
What are the TV, F and VE figures for untrained?
F= 12-15breaths/min
TV= 500ml
VE= 6-7.5 L/min
79
What are the TV, F and VE figures for trained?
F= 11-12breaths/min
TV= 500ml
VE= 5.5-6L/min
80
What is internal respiration?
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and muscle tissues
81
What is external respiration?
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
82
What is diffusion?
Movement of gases from an area of high pressure to area of low pressure
83
What is a diffusion gradient?
Difference between high and low pressure
84
Talk about gaseous exchange in external respiration?
O2= Move from high ppO2 in alveoli into low ppO2 capillary blood down diffusion gradient. Haemoglobin associate O2
CO2= Move from high ppCO2 in capillary blood to low ppCO2 in alveoli down diffusion gradient
85
Talk about gaseous exchange of internal respiration?
O2= Moved from high ppO2 in capillary into low ppO2 muscle cell down diffusion gradient, haemoglobin dissociate O2
CO2= Moves from high ppCO2 in muscle cell into low ppCO2 in capillary blood down diffusion gradient. Ensure blood saturated with waster product for removal
86
Talk about the factors affecting saturation of O2 and haemoglobin during internal respiration?
-Partial pressure: Influences saturation of Haemoglobin with O2
-Temperature: Increase oxygen dissociation more easily from haem
-Increase ppCO2- Increase diff. gradient
-Increase in lactic acid- Lower pH and O2 dissociate easily
Bohr Effect- Dropping pH cause O2 to dissociate more easily
87
Talk about respiratory control during exercise (The EC)
-Baroreceptors inform EC on extent of lung inflation
- If lung tissue is excessively stretched, EC stimulates additional expiratory muscles (internal intercostals and rectus abdominis)
-This reduces thoracic cavity, increasing lung pressure
-Causing forced expiration
88
Talk about Respiratory Control during exercise ( The IC) ?
-Chemo/Baro/Propio inform IC
- The IC decides to increase stimulation of diaphragm via phrenic nerves and intercostals via intercostal nerve to contract with more force
- Recruits additional inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor)
-This greater force of contraction increases depth of respiration
89
What is the definition of breathing rate?
Number of inspiration/expirations taken in one minute
90
What is the definition of distance?
The length of a route taken by a moving body from one position to another
91
What is the definition of Displacement?
The shortest distance between positions e.g. start to finish
92
What is the definition and equation for speed?
Speed is the rate and change in distance
Speed= Distance/time. m/s
93
What is the definition and equation of velocity?
The rate and change in displacement
Velocity=Displacement/Time
94
What is the definition and calculation for momentum?
The quantity of motion possessed by a moving body
`momentum= mass x velocity. kg m/s
95
What is the definition and calculation for force?
Is the push or pull that alters the state of motion of a body
Force=mass x acceleration. Newtons
96
What is the definition and calculation of acceleration?
Is the rate and change in velocity
Acceleration=(final velocity-initial velocity) /time taken m/s2
97
What is Newton's first law?
AO1) A body/object is at a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by external/unbalanced force
AO2) A hockey ball will remain at rest unless the force applied by the hockey stick
98
What Is Newtons second Law?
Law of acceleration
AO1) A bodies rate of change of momentum is proportional to the size of force applied and acts in same direction force applied
AO2) More force applied to the astroturf by hockey player, quicker hockey player will accelerate towards the goal
99
What is Newtons Third Law?
Law of reaction
AO1) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
AO2) Player pushes down on ground and ground applies equal and opposite force
100
What is a Net force?
Sum of all forces acting upon an object
101
What is a Balanced Force?
When two or more forces acting upon a body are equal in size and in opposite direction
102
What is an unbalanced force?
When two forces are unequal in size and opposite direction
103
What is the definition of weight?
The gravitational force that the earth exerts on a body
104
What is the definition of reaction?
Is the equal and opposite force exerted by a body in response to the action force placed upon it
105
What is the definition of Friction?
The force that opposes the motion of two surfaces in contact
106
What are the factors affecting friction?
Roughness of ground surface/contact surface, more rough=more friction
Temperature- higher temp=increased friction
107
What is air resistance?
A force that opposes motion through air
108
What is the definition of centre of mass?
The point at which the body is balanced in all directions
109
Talk about 1st class levers?
AO1) The fulcrum is located between load and effort
AO2) e.g, extension of the neck preparing to head a football
110
Talk about 2nd class levers?
AO1) 2nd class levers have load between effort and fulcrum
AO2) e.g. when ball of foot is the fulcrum during plantar flexion e.g. taking touch in football
AO3) (+ve) - 2nd class levers have mechanical advantage, relatively small effort force required to move large force
(-ve) - Shortening of muscle causes less movement of load so range of movement is small
111
Talk about 3rd class levers?
AO1) 3rd class levers have effort between load and fulcrum
AO2) e.g. knee extension during the execution phase of a driven shot in football, faster speed of the foot enables powerful kick
AO3) (+ve) -Range of motion is larger than 2nd class lever, speed of movement of the lever is much faster
(-ve) -Have a mechanical disadvantage, large effort force required to move smaller load
112
Talk about Limb Kinematics
AO1) Used to measure movement in relation to time and space
AO2) Measure accurate production of technique in long jump action
AO3) +. - data is immediate, can focus on specific limbs
(-). - Not available to most/cost, accuracy depends on correct technique
113
Talk about Force Plates
AO1) Used to measure ground reaction force
AO2) e.g. golf swing action
AO3) +. - Injury prevention and rehabilitation
(-) - not available to most, requires specialist training
114
Talk about wind tunnels
AO1) Used to measure the effects of air resistance
AO2) e.g.cycle helmets to improve aerodynamics
AO3) (+). -Time efficient
(-) - `not available to most, requires complex analysis
