paper 1-approaches Flashcards

Question

learning approach

Answer 1

bandura agreed with beahvioursist that leanring is based on enviroment rests on idea of observational learning leanring occurs through observtion of behaviour from imiatation of role models

Answer 2

models more likely to be imitated if child identifies with them in some way e.g. gender, age or if powerful and influential, of a higher status e.g. celebrity behaviour that brings reward to role model, more likely to be copied by observer called vicarious reinforcement

Answer 3

Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation

Answer 4

extent to how we notice certain behaviours

Answer 5

how well the behaviour is remembered and stored in memory

Answer 6

ability for observer to perform the behaviour e.g. child footballer lacking necessary ability required to reproduce behaviour e.g. football

Answer 7

will to perform the behaviour often determined by whether the behaviour was reinforced or punished

Answer 8

-wanted to investigate whether aggression could be acquired through modelling and to see whether children more likely to imitate same sex models lab experiment independent groups design 72 children(36 girls and 36 boys) (3-6) selected from stanford nursery children placed into one of three conditions each consisting of 24 (12 girls 12 boys)

Answer 9

two groups exposed to non aggressive and aggressive behaviours one had same sex model other opposite sex model third group-control group had no model

Answer 10

ecposed to toys be assembled for 10 minutes, bobo doll being ignored

Answer 11

exposed to adult hitting model with mallet in head

Answer 12

then were put in room full of toys not allowed to play with then placed in room with both agressive toys and non agressive toys and had to observe through one way mirror (covert observation)

Answer 13

results showed children exposed to aggressive behaviour more liekly to imitate and were more aggressive then non aggressive effect was greater on boys boys more likely to imitate same sex model then girls boys more likely to imitate physical aggression girls more likely to imitate verbal aggression observers have greater tendency to imitate same sex models

Answer 14

as with classical conditioning and operant conditioning it has led to effective treatments for phobias

Answer 15

theory is based on research from the lab due to controlled artificial environment of a lab, the behaviours that were measured were not the same as genuine agression

Answer 16

beacsue it focuses exculsively on the processes of social leanring and ignores all other potential infleunces on behaviour

Answer 17

based on the principles of ST may lack internal validity as children may experience aggressive charcteristics

Answer 18

in contrast with behaviourist approach argues mental processes should be studied studied those areas of brain neglected by behaviourists e.g. memory, perception processes are private and cannot be observed meaning must make inferences cognitive psychologists make interference's about what's going on inside mind based of their behaviour mental processes can be studied in lab experiments

Answer 19

operations that occur during thinking Perception Attention Memory Language Problem solving poppy and molly love pie

Answer 20

how we change info from eyes into usable form

Answer 21

how choose what to think about

Answer 22

how we store info in future

Answer 23

how we construct meaningful sentences to communicate

Answer 24

how we construct new solutions

Answer 25

packages of ideas and information developed through experience. They act as mental framework for the interpretation of incoming information received by the cognitive system. Schemas enable us to process lots of information quickly and this is a useful sort of mental short cut that fills in gaps in our knowledge

Answer 26

babies are born with simple motor schemas for innate behaviours such as sucking and grasping as we get older, our schema becomes more detailed and sophisticated

Answer 27

useful in explaining symptoms of psychological illnesses negative schemas of the self, future and world can eb demonstrated in individuals suffering from depression could explain low mood experienced by sufferers of this condition these can be challenged by methods used in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to help client develop more positive schemas to help treat negative or distorted thinking

Answer 28

development of computer led to computer models emerging within psychology to explain different mental processes computer models suggest mind is like a computer inputting, storing and retrieving data computer models of memory have been particularly useful in development of artificial intelligence(AI)

Answer 29

were able to show how different types of LTM are localised in diffrent areas of the brain. Tulving found that when individuals ecalled historical facts, blood increased in temporal lobe, wheras, when they thought about childhoid experiencs blood flow increased in the hippocampus.

Answer 30

cognitive neuronscience is relatively new field that tries to brige gap between the cognitive and biolgical approaches research supporting the cognitive neuronscience approach demonstates how memory has a biological basis in the brain

Answer 31

package of ideas and info developed through experience helps us process lots of info quickly useful as mental short cut

Answer 32

going to a restaurant

Answer 33

simple motor schema for innate behaviours e,g suckign and grasping

Answer 34

become more detailed and sophisticated

Answer 35

explains symptoms of psychological illnesses negative schemas explain feeling of low mood/ can be demonstarted in indiviudals with depression can be challenegd by CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) cognitive behavioural therapy which can make more postive schemas develop help treat negative or disorted thikinh

Answer 36

suggest our mind works like a computer inputting, stroing and retrieving data

Answer 37

ignored or distorted lead to perceptual eroors e.g discrimantion and prejudice

Answer 38

suggest everything psychological is at first biological to fully understand human behaviour, must look at biological structures e.g genes, neurotransmitters and the nervous system biological perspective is that the mind lives in the brain, all thoughts, feelings have a physical basis contrast with cognitive approach that suggests mental processes are separate from brain itself

Answer 39

neurochemistry neural=brain study of chemical processes which take place in nervous system much thought relies on chemical transmission of brain occurs using neurotransmitters-the brains chemical messengers

Answer 40

excitatory- trigger nerve impulses stimulates brain into action e.g. dopamine associated with pleasure and motivation implicated into addictive behaviours e,g smoking and SZ

Answer 41

inhibit nerve impulses calm brain and balance mood e.g serotonin wide ranging effects and has been implicated into range of behaviours e,g sleep, appetite as well as depression OCD

Answer 42

herteability coefficeint-can be used to quantify genetic or biological basis of charcteristics e.g herteablity coffectient is 0.5 and infleunce of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) is equal

Answer 43

first degee relatives share 50% of their genes second degree realtives share 25% of their genes

Answer 44

compare differnece in concordance rates likehood of both twins sharing same charactersitic IDentic (monozygotic) non identical twins (dizygotic) share sae enviroment but only MZ twins ahve 100% identical genes DZ share 50% of genes in common concordate rate should be higher for MZ than DZ as they are geentically identical

Answer 45

collection of all genes within each cell individuals genetic make up occurs at contraception andd porvides genetic code for how individual will develop dictates characteristics should has hair and eye colour

Answer 46

behaviour and psychical structure of individual from interaction of their genotype and enviorment product of what happens when both interact dictates height an indivdual can reach

Answer 47

cerebrum-85% of total mass of brain

Answer 48

hemispheres further divided into 4 parts

Answer 49

frontal-thinking, planning STM pariental-touch,smell,taste occupital-visual acitivity temporal-memories FTOP

Answer 50

research method that involves a very detailed look into backgorund of one person or small group

Answer 51

working on railroad mental bar went through his skull and brain suvived and showed little intellectual impairment carrying on faily normal showed changes in personality was outgoing but became foul mouthed and agressive damage had occured in his frontal lobe which controls behaviour, particualry agression and personality

Answer 52

undergone surgery for epilepsy hippocampus was removed LTM was damaged but STM was fine results show hippocampus imporant for memory particuallry from STM to LTM could not make new memories as could only use STM memory lost all memories from before the surgery

Answer 53

suggested our mind is both concious and unconcious focused more on unconcious area of brain for motivated behaviour perosality is componsed of three parts ID EGO SUPEREGO constant conflict with one another

Answer 54

describes the part of the mind that we ARE aware of as tip of iceberg (concious mind) much larger part (unconcious area) is hidden underwater contains threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed, locked away and forgotten can be assessed during Freudian slips or psychoanalysis dreams

Answer 55

primitive part of personality/starts at birth operates only in unconscious area contains libido, persons sexual drive life, ID is selfish and demands instant gratification of its needs

Answer 56

conscious and rational part of mind mediator between impulsive demands of ID and super ego employs number of defence mechanisms

Answer 57

represnts the ideal self, how we ought to be formed at end of phallic stage

Answer 58

oral anal phallic latency genital

Answer 59

birth to 1 and a half years focus of pleasure is the mouth mothers breast object of desire oral fixation is nail biting or smoking

Answer 60

where your stuck at a stage

Answer 61

1 and half years to 3 years focus of libido (anus) child learns to respond to demands of society e.g. bladder control child gains pleasure from excreting fixation causes anal retentive-obsessive perfection anal expulsive-messy

Answer 62

3 to 6 years child starts to notice gender desires for other type of sex start to develop links with homosexuality

Answer 63

6 years to puberty earlier confilcts are temporrailty repressed

Answer 64

puberty onwards sexual desire emerge alongside puberty becomes intereted in dating and marriage guilt about sexuality fixtation causes difficualty formoning heterosexual relationships

Answer 65

dusing phallic stage for boys ages 3 to 4, young boy begins to desire hismother as she has been his main source of pleasure wants her complete attention sees his father as rival experinces jekousy of his mothers desire wishes the dad were dead creates anxiety and fear that dad will castrate him boys id thinks dad will kill me, ego thinks dad is stronger and bigger boy looks up to ways to be similar to his father takes on his gender role and moral values superego is formed learns morality from values and attitudes of father

Answer 66

during phallic stage ,age 3 to 6 little girl becomes sexually attached to her father and incrasingly hostile to mother begins to admire father relaises she does not have penis leads to development of penis envy and desire to be a boy girl blames mother for castrate state and creates tension resolved by girl repressing desire substitutes wish for a penis to a wish for a baby remove tension between mother little girl identfies with her mother develops super ego through identifcation and internalisation of mothers values

Answer 67

support Oedipus complex little fibe year old boy came to freuds interst by father who was intersted in frued work of unconscious devloped phobia for horses after experincing one collapse on street hans started to devlop active interst in penis and started to masturbate caused mother to threaten for it to be cut off after 3 years old, hans developed fear of white horses and being bitten by them hans phobia generalised to carts and horses frueds analysed and found hans showing oedipus complex meaning he was afraid of his father fear was manifested in fear of horses his obsession with widdler was showing phallic stage of development concluded that the study supported his theory of psychosexual development and childhood sexuality fear of father was displaced onto horses

Answer 68

denial projection repression displacement regression

Answer 69

humans have free will, not all behaviour is determined all indiviudals are unique and have an innate rive to achieve max potential accurate understanding of humans can onky be achived by studying humans not animals psychology should study indivudal case (idiohraphic) rather then groups (nomethetic)

Answer 70

unlike most other approaches, humanistic pshycology emphasises ghtat people have full concious control over their own destiny i.e they have free will -we are active agents-we have the ability to determine our own development -Maslow and ROdger reject more scientifc models

Answer 71

maslow deveoped theory of human motivation humans have intrisic motivation to grow and become best versions of themselves view personal growth as essential to human maslow intersted in what motivates people led him to maslows heirarcy of needs all four levels of heirarcy must be met for a person to self-actualise-recognise and reliae ones own potential

Answer 72

self actualisation-morality, creativity self esteem-respect of otehers, confidence love and belonging-freindship,family safety and secruity-health employment psychological needs-food water shelter

Answer 73

Rodgers argues that for persoanl growth to be achieved, an individuals concept of self (how they see themselves) should be equivalent or in congruence with the person they want to be i.e ideal self closer they are, greater the congruence, higher the self-worth

Answer 74

person experiences incongruence self actualistion will not be possible beacuse of the negative feelings of self worth that arise from incongruence

Answer 75

led to varity of different methods of counsellign and therapy used today to reduce gap, rodgers developed counselling rodgers referredd to those in therapy as clients ratherr then patirent as he saw individual as expert on their condition

Answer 76

occurs when two patients show a mirror image of impairment e.g. person 1 can do task a whereas person 2 can do task 8 but not task A. Demonstrated by patients KF and HM

Answer 77

also proved useful in establishing a neurological basis of some symptoms of psychological disorders e.g. OCD. PET scans of patients with OCD have shown elevated levels of activity in the orbito-frontal cortex. The OFC is the part of the brain circuit, one of the function of this circuit appears to be turning sensory information into thoughts

Answer 78

many of the experiments for the cognitive approach are based in a labatory which can change the valisity and not mimic hat happens in the real world. E.g. the use of memory tests do not use the brain for the same functions of how the memory in the real world works. Weakness as it conveys the arguments that the cognitive approach lacks real life app;ication and has low external validity

Answer 79

cognitive psychologists employ highly controlled and righteous methods of study so researchers are able to infer cognitive processes at work. It has enabled the two fields of biology and cognitive psychology to come together and enhance the scientific base of study

Answer 80

freud theory is strongly determinist as it view our behaviour as being caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control. therefore, this approach contradicts the idea that we have free will and does not hold individuals personal responsible and accountable for their behaviour

Answer 81

can be criticised for its idiographic nature. For example, Frueds concept of the Oedipus complex was largely detailed from the study if Little Hans. This is an issue as meaningful gneeilisationd cannot be made without further examples, as there is no adequate baseline with which to compare behaviour. Overall, the use of idiographic approaches can be seen to be low in population validity because of the nature of examining unique cases

Answer 82

hugely unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour. Karl popper argued that the approach does not meet the scientific criteria of falsification. could be argued that the phsychodynmaic approach is unfalisable as its theories cannot be empirically investigated and so lack validity and reliability

Answer 83

it’s ability to explain human behaviour. frueds theory is contraversial and occasionally bizarre but nevertheless had a huge impact. The approach has also drawn attention to the connection between childhood experiences such as our relationship with our parents and our later development

Answer 84

as with classical conditions and operant conditioning it has led to effective treatments for phobias

Answer 85

theory is based on research from the labatoru due to controlled artificial environment of a lab, the behaviours that were measured were not the same as genuine agressiion

Answer 86

because it focuses exclusively on the processes of social learning and ignores all other potential influences on behaviour e.g internal factors. Consistent finding in hobo doll experiments was that boys were often more aggressive then girls. may be explained due to hormonal factors

Answer 87

based on the principles of SLT may lack internal validity as children may experience aggressive characteristics

Answer 88

based on the principles of SLT may lack internal validity as children may experience aggressive characteristics

paper 1-approaches Flashcards

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