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mock revision psychology > paper 1-research methods 2 > Flashcards

paper 1-research methods 2 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

experimental method

A

concerns the manipulation of an independent variable to have effect on dependant variable
experiments can be lab, field, natural and quasi

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2
Q

aim

A

general statement made by researcher
tells us what the purpose of the study is

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

statement clearly stating the relationship between the variables being investigated
used when research has been carried out before which relates

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4
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states direction of relationship that will be shown between the variables
straight to point
used when research has already been carried out

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5
Q

non directional hypothesis

A

does not state the direction
used when there has been no research carried out which relates
states it will have an effect

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6
Q

independant variables

A

something that is maniupualted/changes to bring about change in dv

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7
Q

dependant variable

A

variable which is measured
has been caused from the change in IV

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8
Q

operationalisation

A

act of a researcher clearly defining the variables in terms of how they are being measured
variables should be measurable
always better to include in a hypothesis
can be even more operationalised e.g numbers given on test

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9
Q

what are the two types of control variables

A

extraneous variables
confounding variables
in experiment, only aspect affecting DV should be IV
any other variables that may interfere, should be removed or controlled

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10
Q

extraneous variables

A

any other variable that may have effect on DV
are identified before experiment is conducted

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11
Q

confounding variable

A

any extraneous variable which is not controlled can become confounding variable as can confound and be confusing

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12
Q

demand characteristics

A

any cue the researcher or research situation may give which makes participant feel like they can guess the aim of the investigation
can cause participant to act differently

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13
Q

what is participant reactivity

A

participant reacts differently to how they normally would in normal situation due to clocking on what the aim of the study is about

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14
Q

what is the please u effect and the screw you effect

A

please u effect-where participant reacts way they think researcher wants them
screw u effect-where participant intentionally underperforms to sabotage study’s results

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15
Q

investigators effects

A

any unwanted infleunce from researchers, behaviour on dv measured

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16
Q

randomisation

A

minimise effects of confounding variables or extraneous variables
randomly allocating participants to different conditions of the iv
e.g. flipping a coin
-reduces effects of bias

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17
Q

standardisation

A

using exact same procedures and instructions for every single participant involved in research participant
every participant has exact same experience
effects all participants in conditions equally

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18
Q

lab experiments

A

takes place in special environment e.g lab
variables are controlled

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19
Q

strengths of lab experiments

A

high control of variables-leads to greater accuracy
replication-researchers can easily repeat experiments and check results

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20
Q

limitations of lab study

A

low ecological validity-high control of variables makes situation artificial, unlike real life
experimenters bias-participants may be influenced by expectations
(two e)

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21
Q

field experiment

A

more natural environment
not in lab
still control of variables

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22
Q

strengths of field experiments

A

high ecological validity-like real life, more natural behaviours

controlled iv

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23
Q

limitations of field experiments

A

ethical considerations-invasion of privacy and likely no conformed consent

loss of control over extraneous variables , precise replication may not be possible

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24
Q

quasi experiment

A

Iv is naturally occurring
DV may also be naturally occurring
can be measured in field or lab

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25
strength of quasi experiments
high ecological validity-natural behaviour to take place high internal validity
26
limitations of quasi experiment
so confounding variables may be present harder to conclude that IV caused the DV
27
natural experiment
iv is not brought about by researcher would have happened even if the researcher was not present
28
strengths of natural experiments
high external validity-dealing with real life issues
29
limitations of natural experiment
natural occurring events meaning rare meaning not replicable meaning hard to generalise findings
30
opportunity sampling
anyone who is willing to take part/ wanting to take part
31
adv of opportunity sampiling
easy to obtain cheap easy to carry out
32
dis of opportunity sampling
tend to get similar people in similar places not representative of whole population researcher bias-they can control who they want to select
33
random sampling
each member of population has equal chance of being selected e.g name pulled out of hat
34
adv of random sampling
no researcher bias-researcher has no influence on who is picked
35
dis of random sampling
time consuming-need to have list of members and ones chosen need to be contacted
36
systematic sampiling
where you have list of target population pick every nth term 3rd or 4th member
37
adv of systamatic sampling
no researcher bias-resarchers has no infleunce on who is picked
38
dis of systamtic smapiling
not truly unbiased may not be representative to wider population
39
stratified sampling
researcher makes sub groups from target population then work out percentage of each variable in population
40
adv of stratified sampling
no rsearcher bias-done randomly represntative to wider population
41
dis of stratified sampiling
time consuming
42
volunteer sampiling
involves self selection participant offers to take part either in response to advert or when asked to
43
adv of volunteer sampiling
easy to do easy to obtain
44
dis of volunteer sampling
lacks population validity-only focuses on same types of people advert most likely to interest the same types of people
45
independent groups design
partipants only peform in 1 codition of IV
46
pilot study
small scale version of investigation which is carried out before real investigation carried out to allow potential problems of study to be identified allows money and time to be saved in long run
47
single blind procedure
where participants do not know which condition they are being tested
48
double bind procedure
where neither researcher or participants know conditions of which they are being tested
49
naturalistic
measure naturally occurring behaviour
50
strengths of naturalistic
high ecological validity high external validity-done in natural environment
51
limitations of naturalistic
low ecological validity-if participants become aware that they are being watched replication can be difficult
52
controlled observations
watching and recording behaviour in structureed enviorment e,g lab setting
53
strengths of controlled observations
high control over variables easily replicable
54
dis of controlled observations
more liekly to be observing unnatural behaviour as takes place in unnatural environment demand charcterisrics pesnt loww mudane realism low ecological validity
55
overt
know they are being watched
56
adv of overt observations
ethically acceptable-informed consent is given
57
dis of overt observation
more liekly to be recoding unnatural behaviour demand characteristics more liekly to be present
58
covert observation
participnats are unaware that their behaviour is being watched and recorded
59
adv of covert observation
natural behaviour-high internal validity
60
dis of covert observation
ethical issues may be presnt-dont have informed consent
61
participant observations
researcher plays a part directly involved in the observation
62
adv of partipant observations
can be more insightful increases validity of findings
63
dis of participant observations
behaviour may chnage is partipants figure out they are being watched
64
non-participant observation
researcher is purely an observer
65
dis of non-participant observations
rsearcher may lose valuable insight
66
what are the 3 experimental designs
repeated measures independent groups matched pairs
67
repeated measures
ALL participants take part in ALL conditions of the experiment
68
adv of repeated measures
dont need as many participant, eliminates participant variables not as time consuming
69
dis of repeated measures
order effects-boredom may mean second condition done participant does not do as well on task
70
independent groups
participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one condition
71
adv of independent groups
no order of effects participants are less likely to guess aims of study
72
dis of indepednent groups
no control over participant variables less economical
73
matched pairs
pairs of participants matched on some variable that has been found to affect DV one member of each pair does one condition and the other does another
74
adv of matched pairs
no order of effects no demand characteristics
75
dis of matched pairs
time consuming expensive to match participants
76
unstructured design
continious recording where researcher writes everything they can see during observation
77
adv of unstructured design
depth of detail
78
dis of unstructured design
qualitative data harder to analyse
79
structured design
researcher quantifies what they are observing using predetermined list of behaviorus and sampiling methods
80
adv of structured design
quantitive data analysed so easily collected easier to analyse less risk of observer bias
81
dis of structured design
not much depth of detail
82
time sampling
83
event sampling
84
what are the 4 ethical guidelines
DIPP deception infromed consent protection of ps from harm privacy confedentiality
85
deception
deliberately misleading infroamtion from partipants at any stage of investigation
86
informed consent
making partipants aware of the aims of the study, the procedures, their rights, what their data will be used for
87
dealing with informed consent
particpants should be given consent letter with relevent info and if happy will continue
88
protection from PS from harm
partipants should not be put at any more risk then they would in their daily lives
89
dealing with protection from ps from harm
participants should be given a full debrief at end of study
90
privacy confidentiality
partipants have right to contol info about themselves right for privacy
91
dealing with privacy confidentiality
if personal details are held, they must be protected
92
control
where all extraneous variables are held constant so the only variable manpulating dv is iv all are controlled, any changes must be from iv
93
experimental hypothesis
statement of predicted outcome when using experimental method
94
null hypothesis
states that IV will have no effect on DV
95
reliability
measurement of consistency
96
how do you test internal relaiability
split half method test items divided into half scores om both halves compared scores should be similt if test is relaible
97
how do you test external vaildity
test-re-test method compare results of test at one time with results of test at another time results should be simialr if external validity
98
what is the target population
group of people who are the focus of the researchers interest
99
what is a sample
small gorup of poeple, represing the traget popualtion of the study
100
event sampling
counting the number of times a particular event occurs
101
time sampiling
recording behaviour in pre-estabilished timeframe e.g making note of what a footballer is doing every 30 seconds
102
what is a correlation
method of data analysis

mock revision psychology (17 decks)

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