runover of research methods

Question 1

control

Answer 1

other then IV, all other extranous varibales are held constant
so any thing manipulationg DV is the UV

Question 2

randomsiation

Answer 2

randomlly allockating particpants to different conditions if IV

Question 3

standardisation

Answer 3

all participants have exact same experince
have standardised procedure and standardisted instructions

Question 4

lab experiment

Answer 4

done in lab setting
where there is high control over varibales

ADV-ROC
replicable
objective
can establish cause and effect

Dis-
lacks ecological validity
demand charctersrics

Question 5

field experiment

Answer 5

more natural enviroment
IV can still be mainpulated

ADV-high ecological validity
demand charctersitics

DIS-not replicable

Question 6

natural experiment

Answer 6

experimenter cannot chnage is taken advantage of

adv- no demand characteristics
high ecological valisity

dis-not replicable
cannot establish cause and effect

Question 7

quasi experiment

Answer 7

iv and DV naturally occuring
can be done in lab or field

adv-easily replicable

dis-lacks ecological vlaidity
harder to establish cause and effect

Question 8

aim

Answer 8

precise statemnt of why study taking place

Question 9

hypothesis

Answer 9

more precise then aim
makes prediction of what will happen
testable statment of relationship between 2 variables

2 types
experimental-perdcists what will happen during experimnal method
null-states iv will have no effect on dv

2 types of experimental methods
directional (one tailed)-states diraction between vairbales
more specific
non-directional(two tailed)-does not state direction less specific
used normally wehn past research not been done or not been done very well

Question 10

experimntal designs

Answer 10

R
I
M

Question 11

repeated measures-lab
independent groups-field
matched pairs-quasi/natural

Question 12

repeated measures

Answer 12

where all partcipants part of all conditions of the experiment
adv
particpant varibale is controlled
need to use fewer particopants(less time to recruit them)

dis
may act different as have to do at least two tasks

Question 13

independent groups

Answer 13

particpants placed into groups
each group represents one condition of eperiment

adv-order of effects not an issue
less liekly to guess aims

dis-less economical

Question 14

matched pairs design

Answer 14

participants matched based on same characteristics
then put into different conditions of the experiment

adv-only take part of one conditoon so order effects and demand charcetristics less of problem

dis-may be time consuming

Question 15

counterbalancing

Answer 15

way to reduce order of effects
have hlaf doing one condition first then other does the same second

Question 16

randomsitaion

Answer 16

randomly ordering trials
randomly allocated to do one condition or another

Question 17

etthical guidelines

Answer 17

D
I
P
P

Question 18

deception

Answer 18

delibertly witholding info from particpants at any stage of investigation

Question 19

informed consent

Answer 19

making aprticipants aware of aims of research, the proecuderes etc

particpant should get consent letter to sign that there ok with procedures

Question 20

preotection of ps from harm

Answer 20

partciapnts should not be placed at any more risk then therir daily lives

should be given full debreif at end of study

Question 21

privcy confidentiality

Answer 21

partcipants should have right to control info about themselves
risght of privay

personal details should be prottected

Question 22

correlations

Answer 22

measuring strength and direction of relationship between 2 variable
+0.1=positive correlation
-0.1=negative correlation
no correlation=0

Question 23

quesionaires

Answer 23

method of data collection

Question 24

closed questions

Answer 24

have fixed number of repsonses

Question 25

open questions

Answer 25

no fixed rnage of answers respondents can asnwer the way they wish

Question 26

adv of questionaires

Answer 26

can be distrubtueted to large groups of people straightforward to analyse

Question 27

dis of questionairs

Answer 27

might want to presnt themselves in psotive light so wont answer truthfully can produce response bias-

Question 28

peer review

Answer 28

way of checking credability of research assessing quality and approriaptness of design

Question 29

quantitive data

Answer 29

numbers adv-easy to analyse and gather dis-participants cant elaborate answers

Question 30

qualtative data

Answer 30

subjective and reponsend can ealbaroate adv-repsondent can elabroate dis-subjective can be unreliable

Question 31

primary data

Answer 31

first hand data may be collected by questionairs or surveys

Question 32

secondary data

Answer 32

already been published e.g reports, websites , boooks

Question 33

mata-analysis

Answer 33

reesrahc method where primary data from other studies is reanlsied uses secondary research

Question 34

mean

Answer 34

adding up all numbers then dividing it by amount of scores adv-most represnative takes into account all numbers dis-can easily be distorted by exterme values

Question 35

median

Answer 35

middle value of data set listen from smallest to biggest adv-easy to calculate dis-less sesnsitv ethen mean as not all scores are included

Question 36

mode

Answer 36

most commonly used value adv-may be the only one that can be used dis-may be no mode if all values are different

Question 37

range

Answer 37

looks at both exterme values highest to lowest

Question 38

standard deviation

Answer 38

sophisticated way of disperion how far all values in data set are from mean lower the standard deviation, closer the scores are to mean, indicsting particpants repsonded in simialr way to IV

Question 39

postive scewed distribution

Answer 39

where data is concentrates to left of graph resulting in long tail to right

Question 40

negaitve scewed distribution

Answer 40

where data concetrates to right of grpah resulting in long tail to left

Question 41

noraml distrubtion

Answer 41

symetrical

Question 42

scewed distribtuion

Answer 42

non symmetrical

Question 43

nominal data

Answer 43

data that is seperate in non numerical categories

Question 44

ordinal data

Answer 44

data that is numberical and can be ordered in some way

Question 45

interval data

Answer 45

where there are equal intervals on measuremnt scale

Question 46

3 questions you have to ask to find critical value

Answer 46

tailed or non tailed significance level number of partcipants

Question 47

d=relsitonshipn between critical value and calcualted value

Answer 47

critical value must be equal to or below calculated value to be significant

Question 48

A03 for cogntive neuroscience

Answer 48

Ecological vlaidity Machine reustionism

Question 49

wekaness-lacks ecological validity

Answer 49

many experiments of cogntive approach based in lab does not mimic what happens in real world e.g memory tests do not use brain for same functions of memory in real world remebring memory list is not relaistic wekaness as conveys argument that cognitive approach lacks real life application adn low external velaidity

Question 50

weakness-machine reductionism

Answer 50

computer analogy analogy ignores influence of human emotion and motivation on the cogntivt system, how this may affect our ability to process information

Question 51

humanistic approach

Answer 51

differes from most other appraoches in psychholgy focuses on concsipus experience rather then behaviour on free will rather then determinism