Paper 1: Development Dynamics - Topic 2 Flashcards

Question

How does Malawi's Geographical position affect it

Answer 1

Malawi has no coastline, making it landlocked, so it has no port from which to export or import goods. Reaching the coast involves going across other countries like Mozambique. Nearly all of Malawi's esports (tobacco, sugar, tea) go this way via train, and it then returns with imports (fertiliser, fuel, manufactured goods). This makes it a slow and espensive process.

Answer 2

85% if Malawi's population is rural (this makes it the highest percentage rural population in the world). Much of rural Malawi is isolated, with poor infrastructure. Roads are mostly dirt, so it takes severak hours to travel 20km to local markets during the rainy season. When they flood, farmers can be cut off from the rest of society.

Answer 3

The value of Malawi's exports every year is less than its imports, so every year, it earns less than it spends - its terms of trade are stacked against it. One if the reasons for such poor terms if trade is that Malawi exports largely raw materials, known as primary products. It has traditionally sold these to developed countries, and return bough manufactured goods that it does not make itself, this was typical of trade in the 1980's.

Answer 4

Farming is critical to Malawi. Over 80% of its population works in farming, and the country still depends on cash crops (sold for cash) for exports. These are known as commodities, and are traced on global markets. Malawi's farmers find this tough, because gloval peices constantly change, so they never know what price they will get.

Answer 5

- Malawi is one of the 20 poorest countries in the world, where over 40% of the population lives on less than $1 a day, even after years of growth. 68% of the population live in squatter settlements like the one below. - 80% of Malawi's population is dependent on subsistence agriculture. Climate change is making the land drier and poorer quality - Only 50% of young people get to go to secondary school - 50% of the population don’t have access to clean water and illness is high. School and work is missed frequently - Lilongwe (the capital of Malawi) is growing by 1000 people a week, due to rapid rural to urban migration Fertility rate is 5.10 babies per women

Answer 6

- More than 775 million in developing countries can't read and write - Nearly a billion people do not have access to clean water - 2.4 billion don't have basic sanitation - Many developing countries cannot combat HIV/AIDS

Answer 7

- 1 in 5 of the world's population live on less than $1 per day - 1/2 of the world's population live on less than $2 per day - Developing countries lack the ability to pay for food, innovation, and investment

Answer 8

- Are more vunerable to the effects of natural disasters - Lack of ability to combat droughts and floods - Raw materials are exploited - Bad farming practices lead to envirnomental degradation

Answer 9

- Some countries have non-democratic governments - Democracies are made poorly, leading to corruptions - Minorty groups are objectified and made worse

Answer 10

Walt Rostow was an Ameriean economist who worker in the US government after the end of the Second World War. He was anti-communist. and believed that poverty was the reason why China and other countries had overthrown their governments and become communist. In 1960. he published his theory usually called Rostow's Model - based on the experience of Europe, North America, and Australasia. He believed that countries should pass through five stages of development: 1. Traditional Society 2. Pre-conditions for take-off 3. Take-off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption

Answer 11

Rostow based his model on what happened in many European countries.These countries have now reached the final stage, but there may yet be another stage. He suggested that countries further behind on the development path would move through the stages mon quickly than those countries before them. For example the USA reached the final three stages in 1860, 1910 and the early 1920s, respectively. Rostow concluded that the development gap was explained by the fact that countries were at different stages of the model. He argued that capitalism was fundamental to economic development.

Answer 12

Modernisation theory has been criticised for its lack of detailed explanation about the progress of development from one stage to another. It also assums that all countries start with the same resources and other geographical factors, such as population and climate. Many countries have found it more difficult to suggest

Answer 13

The 5 Stages Include: 1. Traditional society - Most people work in agriculture, but produce little surplus (extra food when they could sell). This is a 'subsistence economy'. 2. Pre-conditions for take-off - There's a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure. Agriculture produces cash crops for sale. 3. Take-off - Growth is rapid. Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries. Take-oil requires investment lrom profits earned lrom overseas trade. 4. Drive to Maturity - A period of growth. Technology is used throughout the economy. Industries produce consumer goods. 5. Age if High Mass Consumption - A period of comfort. Consumers enjoy a wide range of goods. Societies choose how to spend wealth, either on military strength, on education and welfare, or on luxuries for the wealthy.

Answer 14

Essentially, there are 3 'circles': - The outer most one contains the Periphery countries - The middle on contains the Semi-Periphery countries - The inner most one contains the Core countries Raw Materials/Resources go to the Cire countries for low prices from both Periphery and Semi-Periphery countries, while more expensive manufactured products come out if the core and into the Periphery and Semi-Periphery countries, leaving the core countries with all of the profit.

Answer 15

In Frank's theory (made in 1967), low-calue raw materials are traded between the periphery and the core. The core processes these into higher-value products, and becomes wealthy. Frank disagreed with Rostow, because he believed that historical trade was what had made countries poor in the first place. This meant he saw that poorer countries aren't just simpler versions of wealthier countries, but are weaker members of a global economy, whose rules are decided by the wealthy.

Answer 16

Developing countries have become dependant on developed ones, as sometimes they were colonised by them, causing poverty. Developed countries became rich at their expense by exploiting natural resources like: oil, metallic minerals, timber, tea, and coffee.

Answer 17

The capitalist system of world trade often benefits the developed countries as they are able to export more raw materials for low prices from developing countries, before turning them into manufactured goods which sell for higher prices.

Answer 18

The periphery countries lose out to capitalism, as they are usually forced into selling raw materials for low prices, due to the lack of infrastructure and manufacturing power they have in making these raw materials into finished products. As a result of this, the core countries can develop products that can be sold for higher prices, which these smaller countries have to buy.

Answer 19

Periphery countries also 'depend' on core countries, as they are the countries that essentially decide the rules in terms of global trade, which these countries rely on yo import products.

Answer 20

Criticisms of the dependancy theory are: - Many countries in the developing world tha5 were never colonised (like Ethiopia) remain poor, whereas colonised countries like Singapore are now developed. - Countries that followed the socialist model have largely remained poor (like Tanzania) - Some poor countries have successfully developed (like South Korea) - Rich-country influences today (neo-colonial) may be positive, for example aid without ties.

Answer 21

Golbalisation is a process by which places in the world are becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependant as a result of the hige increase in the global trade of goods, global companies, movement of people, and cultural exchange between different areas of the world.

Answer 22

Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are companies that produce and sell products and are located in more than one country – e.g. Apple. TNCs have spread since the 1990s. They have branches in many countries and often search the world looking for cheaper raw materials and labour. This is also called Foreign Direct Investment as a foreign company (USA) is investing into China to build a factory.

Answer 23

TNCs help increase globalisation by linking together countries through the production and sale of goods – such as Nike employing people in Turkey to make trainers They also bring the culture from their country of origin to many different countries – e.g McDonalds brings western culture (fast food and meat) to other countries. TNCS also promote a culture of consumerism – where countries in emerging and developing countries start to earn money and then want to buy the products that they see in developed countries – this makes lifestyles similar and TNCs wealthier!

Answer 24

An export-processing zone (EPZ) is a specific type of Free Trade Zone, set up generally in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. An EPZ is an industrial estate, usually a fenced-in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specializes in manufacturing for export. It offers firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment. Its objectives are to attract foreign investors, collaborators, and buyers who can facilitate entry into the world market for some of the economy's industrial goods, thus generating employment and foreign exchange. An example of a country that is not fully open to globalisation is China, as they use EPZ's to partly stay open to it. In these places, TNC's are allowed to invest and manufacture in these areas. This idea of EPZ'S mean that most of the other areas around the country want to have their culture kept, and not diluted by foreign influences like invest and manufacture.

Answer 25

TNC's help spread globalisation around the world quicker than it would normally. One of the factors is definitely Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This is because when huge compaines put factories in certain areas, they will invest in the infrastructure surrounding the area, like roads, wifi networks and e.c.t, which will have a great affect on the area. TNC's also spread culture to different places too, because if lots if American factories are placed in developing countries, then people may start to stop carrying out their traditional roles/jobs they have in and around their community, and instead work for some Americanised factory instead. This point will also increase consumerism, as if there is a huge Nike factory in the Philippeans for example, the people working/living in and around there will be seeing the products that are being made as a result of their work, which could open their mind to either wanting to buy Nike products, or at least more products like it. This could have an affect on their cultural fashion as a result.

Answer 26

Apple have helped out many countries by outsourcing the manufacture of different components, like microelectronics being made in Taiwan, wifi chips in Japan, and memory processors in South Korea. This all means that the people making these products are more likely to be getting paid properly, which will mean they end up get a higher income. A higher income can lead to more taxes being paid to the government, which makes the country wealthier. In addition to this, the workers will have more disposable income, meaning they will start buying different Westernised products, diluting their traditional products and increasing globalisation.

Answer 27

International political organisations such as the EU, H20, G8, the UN, and the World Trade Organisation have encouraged governments to increase: - Investment - countries compete with each other to attract TNC FDI as they have these will bring jobs, wealth, and taxes. (This will make the nation wealthier) - Movement Of People - encourage freedom of migration. (This will allow the people of the nation to travel easier) - Movement of products through free trade by removing trade barfiers like quotas and tariffs so it's now much easier to move goods, money, and services between countries. (This will allow countries to trade more easily, allowing them to grow, develop, and globalise)

Answer 28

Since 1990, Vietnam has seen rapid industrial growth, known as Industrialisation, which has lef to rapid changes. It's an economic and social process. - Economically, money has been invested in factories, to turn raw materials (primary products) into manufactured goods (secondary products), which adds value. - Socially, it means wormers moving from rural areas to urban cities as most secondary jobs are in irban factories. As manufactured goods are worth more than raw materials, urban wages are higher than rural wages. While Vietnam has benefitted from globalisation (many factory goods are exported, adding value to its GDP), Malawi is stuck, and it's GDP remains low.

Answer 29

Primary jobs start off high (around 70%) when pre-industrial, and fall as countries industrialise and become post industrial. Secondary jobs start in the middle (around 20%), and rise when a country becomes industrial, but then dips a little when it becomes post industrial. Tertirary jobs start off moderately low (around 10%), and rise when becoming industrial and rise higher than all the other sectors when being post-industrial Quaternary jobs only even begin when a country is post-industrial and start to rise from there.

Answer 30

India is located in the south of Asia, partly in the tropic of cancer, between the countries of Bangladesh (East), Nepal (North-West), and Pakistan (West), while the northern regions border Afganistan and China. India also borders the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Laccadive Sea.

Answer 31

The site of a settlement is the land upon on which it occurs.

Answer 32

The situation of a settlement id it's position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features - this now often includes a place's connectivity with the world.

Answer 33

Continent: -Asia Capital: -New Delhi (located in the North) Size of Country: -3.287 million km^2 Latitude: -20.6°N (between 8°N and 38°N) Surrounding Waters: - Indian Ocean - Bay of Bengal - Laccadive Sea - Arabian Sea Major Rivers: - Brahaputra River - Indus River Physical Land Masses: -Himalayan Mountain Range

Answer 34

- Pakistan and China, along with India have nuclear weapons at their disposal, however the two countries haven't always got on with India - They usually look south and east for trade links, as the Himalayas act as a physical barrier - They have a world powerhouse neighbouring them in Japan, which will help them develop - China and India are bith oredicted to be the top two nations for GDP worldwide - Part if G20, Commonwealth, and UN - Surrounded by rich countries like China, Indonesia, UAE, and Thailand - 15 major sea ports, and 30 international airports.

Answer 35

India's site f being in the tropic of cancer has helped them in having a warm, tropical climate. This allows the nation to grow many different types of fruit and tropical plants and e.c.t, which means they have good resources to trade and make profut off of. This profit can be invested into the economy, as well as in certain areas of the country, heloping them to grow economically in other areas in future.

Answer 36

India being part of international organisations (like the UN/G20) (which is part of India's situation) will also help them to develop economically. This means India will be able to build positive relations with other, more developed countries, opening the possibility to then attracting more Foreign Direct Investment through these positive relationships. FDI will increase globalisation in India, with more good quality work opportunities appearing, which will make workers wealthier, and as a result, the government more wealthy too. (Being oart of these international organisations will also mean they can recive more help terms of aid in the event of a natural disaster, meaning they may even end up paying for less damages, helping the economy).

Answer 37

- India has the second largest population (1.25bn) and is predicted ti be the largest by 2022 - Mumbai and Calcutta are the 4th and 5th biggest cities in the world, containing 16 million and 15 million people. - 1/4 of urban population live in slums - 20 million Indians live in over 100 countries around the world - money sent home is huge!

Answer 38

- It is run with a parliamentry democracy. You are garunteed basic rights and discrimination is prohibted (on race, gender, e.c.t) - India is divuded into 29 states and 7 union territories. State governors are appointed by the president to rule the states. - There are huge variations in socio-economic development in India, with the more advanced ones being in the North-West - They gained independace in 1947, and relations between the them and the UK have gine through good and bad spells since. - They are one of the founding nations of the UN and of the G20 industrial nations

Answer 39

- Hindi is mainly spoken in the North, while English is the official language used for their politics - Society is divided into social ranks (castes) and people at the bottom are termed as 'untouchables' - People would like the castes system to disappear (this view was also supported by Ghandi) - India has no official religion, but over 80% of people there are Hindu. Other religions include Islam (13%), along with Buddhism, Sikhism, and Janism (which make up the remaining 7%). - They have the world's largest film industry: Bollywood, producing over 1200 films per year.

Answer 40

- India has some of the world's richest biodiversity. While elephants and tigers are well known, it's diversity includes 6% of the world's bird and plant species. But population and economic growth threatens them. - India also has some of the world's worst environmental problems, with land, air, and water pollution being the main ones. India is the world's third greatest emitter if greenhouse gases. - India's climate varies from tropical in the south, to temperate and alpine in the north. The Indian monsoon is Earth's most powerful weather system, and it's rain is vital for water supply and farming. - Landscapes vary from the Himalayan Mountains to the Great Indian Deserts, and to the jungles of the North East.

Answer 41

Overall, people are wealthier and work more in offices and less is farming. This is shown by the 59% who now work in services (compared to 30% in 1990), with the rapid decline of agriculture, going from just above 50% in 1990, to just 14% now. In conjunction to this, the GDP per capita has risen from just below $2000 in 1990, up to $6000 in 2015.

Answer 42

Overall, the GDP has experienced a steady increase (turning into a far more rapid one in recent years) between 1990 and 2015. The GDP per capita has gone from just under $2000, all the way up to $6000.

Answer 43

In 1990, the GDP was around $1800, but in 2015, it has risen up to around $5800, giving a percentage increase of around 220% (increased by $4000). A slight anomaly in this growth can be found in 2008, where the financial banking crisis slightly affected their rapid growth.

Answer 44

There are 3 main economic sectors, including Agriculture, Industry, and Services. Since the 1950's, agriculture has had a rapid decline, meanwhile services have seen a substantial increase, but Industry has only increase slightly.

Answer 45

Since 1950, Agriculture has decreased from 52% to 14% (a 38% decrease), while services have gone from 30% to 59% (a 29% increase). This shows people are going away from the rural, more traditional jobs and going straight into service based jobs. Furthermore, Industry has increased from 16% to 27% (giving it an 11% increase). This shows how the country is industrialising and modernising.

Answer 46

In total, imports and exports have gracually increased between 1995-2002. After 2002, there is a big growth on imports and a slightly smaller growth on exports. Both suddenly decrease after 2008, and then increased very rapidly after this, but then begin to slowly tail off.

Answer 47

Trade is only at around $30 million in 1995, but goes up by $20 million to get to $50 million in 2002. However, between 2002-2008, imports have had a 500% increase, while exports have only increased by 300%. In 2008-2009, the financial crash resulted in $50 million lost in imports alongside $30 million in exports, however since then both have resumed their course of rapid growth.

Answer 48

Generally the inward FDI started off quite slow in 1995, before increasing moderately up to 2000, but then increasing exponentially to 2014. The FDI outwards also follows this trend, but the numbers stay quite a bit smaller in each scenario.

Answer 49

Inward FDI stocks started at $5.6 billion in 1995, and went up to $16.3 billion in 2000. However, India had exponential growth between this point and 2014, increasing to $252.3 billion Outward FDI stocks went from $0.5 billion to $1.7 billion, between 1995 and 2000. After this there was a staggering increase up to $129.6 billion in outwards FDI, just showing has the country had developed so much.

Answer 50

- Rapid growth in trade between 2003-2007 - There is a huge fall between 2008-2009 - Trade picks up again and starts to increase rapidly again - They could be similar in trade , because they are part of the similar/the same international trade groups - Overall, both have increased by $400 billion is imports

Answer 51

- India FDI stocks (in and out)across the board have hugely increased across the years in an exponential fashion - Meanwhile Britain's FDI in and out have taken a steady decrease since the financial crash, but the inward FDI hasn't really picked up as much as the outward FDI since, unlike India, who had recovered in both - India's outwards FDI is slightly greater than Britain's when comparing India in 2014 to the UK in 2011. - India's inward FDI is larger than their outward, while England's outward FDI is larger than their inward. This shows India still rely on other countrys' investment to make money and develop.

Answer 52

- It is the 2nd fastest growing economy - They, along with the other BRICS have developed more between 2001- 2011, compared to 2010-2014, unlike the developed countries - The BRICS have developed more than the developed countries, as the developed countries experienced this same growth surge many years ago.

Answer 53

The value of India’s total trade is increasing rapidly, in fact total trade has increased 3x in the 6 years to 2012 and both imports and exports are growing. This shows that more services and manufacturing are occurring in India, especially as lots of imports are raw materials, this shows that the economy is increasing rapidly. Also, the GDP in India has also been increasing since 1990, going from around $1.2 trillion to $7.3 trillion in 2014 (an increase of just over 5x). This shows that there are more people in work and less in poverty, as the unemployment rate has dropped from 20% to 8.6%, with 6% less people in poverty. This is also increasing the country's GDP per capita, highlighting how the country is rapidly developing, leading to the economy strengthening.

Answer 54

The majority of India's exports go to many Arabian countries (like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) but also China. An example of this clustering is especially in the Middle East in Asia. An anomaly to this trend is the fact that they also trade with 3 countries outside of Asia, including Germany, Switzerland, and the US (these 3 countries still make up 13% of their exports).

Answer 55

The majority of India's imports mainly come from Asia, with the UAE, China, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Saudi Arabia (these up 30% of their imports). On the other hand, 16% of their trade comes from the Americas (mainly from the US who are the single biggest contributer at 14%), with 8% also coming from Europe.

Answer 56

India have benefitted from outsourcing as it allows more people to be in work, especially in the services sector, with call centre, software development, and comapny administration all being outsourced to the country from BT. This leads more people to be on high pay by India's standards.

Answer 57

Where: BT's headquarters in India are in the capital city of New Delhi, with a large software development office in Bangalore (India's equavalent of Silicon Valley) What: BT in India provide services including call centres, software development, and comapany administration Why: BT outsource their work to India because it is far cheaper to do, while it is also practical by the fact that video calls are regularly used to communicate between offices.

Answer 58

Pros: - More people are in well paid jobs instead of being unemployed - People are getting paid higher than the average wage by 4 times - The area of the office/base will be invested into by India Cons: - BT use India for cheap and unimportant labour - Workers have to meet with other workers and their managers (who work in developed countries on higher salaries) over Skype, rather than in person. - None of anyof the important decisions for the workers are being made anywhere's near India or their offices

Answer 59

One way transport technology has helped increase India's development is through aircraft. This is due to the fact that India have so many airports (11 international ones) allowing them to import goods from anywhere in ther world quickly. Furthermore, imports from India by plane are 70 times more valuable than ones they get from sea, meaning their resell value will end up in larger peofits, helping them to develop through trade. The road system in India has also improved in India over the years, allowing the more rural parts of the country to be more connected with the more urban parts. This is clearly shown by the fact that the road system has nearly doubled in length (from 3 million - 6 million km). This allows people to move around the country quicker and will lead to less dependance on traditional ways of living and will instead open more people up to more urbanised areas to live and work in, which will also develop the country.

Answer 60

- India has 12 major and 185 minor seaports (about 95% of India’s foreign trade by volume and 70% by value is carried by ship. - It has 11 international and 86 domestic airports. - Imports from India by plane are 70 times more valuable (e.g. jewellery) than those transported by sea (e.g. textiles). Airports also allow business leaders to arrive in India to invest in their TNCs

Answer 61

Container ships from the many sea ports are transported all over the UK. Mumbai has India’s largest container port. All containers used for freight transport are the same size and shape internationally. 90% of goods traded move by ship – Having good ports helps countries export.

Answer 62

- From 1990 to 2012, India’s road system has nearly doubled in length from about 3 million km to over 6 million km. - Investments have allowed people to move around faster and more easily. Unlike regular Indian traffic. - India’s rail network is over 63,000 km long

Answer 63

India had recieved the most international aid throughout history due to the scale of their development in the past. This included voluntary aid, bilateral aid, and multilateral aid, meaning India would've been given help from some NGO's, other country's governments, and from international agencies. Nowadays, India now send aid to other developing countries like Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Afganistan. Thsi imporves their relations with other countries and increases India's trade volume, helping them develop.

Answer 64

India making schools free and compulsory for children between 6 and 14 hugely improves childrens' education and intelligence, meaning future generations will be far more advanced in their knoewledge. This, in turn leads to a more skilled population being able to do jobs that earn more money, and develop the country as a result.

Answer 65

India have invested heavily into it's road and rail network, and has the biggest rail network in the world. These improved transport links connect parts of cities, but also the whole of the country, providing for faster movement of people, workers, and goods which will increase the country's productivity as a whole, allowing them to earn more money.

Answer 66

Foreign Direct Investment has turned out to be quite attractive for TNC's in India ever since tne rules were relaxed back in 1991 by the government. Nowadays, India encourage more FDI, making India a more attractive place to invest in, also helping them to forge stronger international links too. This helps the country to develop economically due to the investment going into it.

Answer 67

India's investment into their infrastructure, including road and rail netwrosm will help them attract more FDI from TNC's. This is due to the fact that these TNC's know that workers will be able to travel far more efficiently in the area they are looking to invest in. This makes this area seem like a far promising one, as a result. It will then help economic development because there are more and more people who will beable to commute to the cities holding all these TNC's, therefore incteasing the number of people in well paid jobs, which economically develops the country. India's peo FDI policy helps the country to bring more FDI into their cities which also catalyses the globalisation process. The measures tne country have put in to attract more FDI means that the TNC's who do chose to locate there are moee likely to help India form more international links, leading to more nations investing in India, along with these TNC's, which result in economic grwoth for the country.

Answer 68

Top down aid is where the government of a developing nation are given aid/money, which they then take and decide what to spend it on. This money is usually spent on infrastructure over a wider area, with an example being to build a hydroelectric dam to generate energy. This means that most people from across the country will experience a small benefit from it in the short term.

Answer 69

Bottom up aid is where the more local communities are given aid/money, and the charities/NGO's usually decide what these communities need, based on their specific struggles. What will usually happen is money being invested into a local area in a small scale, meaning things like peoper toilets and water pumps being installed in small villages. This will have a much larger impact on these people's everyday lives in these places, and will give them a basis to try and develop their community from.

Answer 70

Bottom up aid may be cinsidered more appropriate in some situations, because the people in the actual communitu get more of a say in what they are given/helped with. This investment will have far bigger and better impacts on these communities in their everyday lives. These improved living conditions can also give these communities a place to develop from.

Answer 71

An NGO is a non-profit organisation who are independant from the government and usually donates aid to local communities in developing countries. Examples are the British Red Cross, and Oxfam

Answer 72

An IGO is an Inter-Governmental Organisation that are usually made up od governments of several countries, who give aid and loans to the governments of developing countries. Examples of these are the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United Nations (UN).

Answer 73

Intermidiate technology uses low-tech solutions while using local materials, labour, and expertise to solve problems locally. This is mainly found in bottom up aid. This will be more suited to a developing country because it required little investment and little skill, as well as using local materials and local people, meaning the project doesn't get to complicated or large. However this means the project will not benefit everyone in lots of areas, and different organisations may not always work together, which can lead to the project being inefficient.

Answer 74

- ASTRA (Application of Science and Technology in Rural Areas) is a recent development project in rural India - The scheme aims to help rural farmers and people to find easier and more sustainable ways of getting fuel

Answer 75

- The project aims to help save time, especially for women and girls when collecting fuel as well as usuing it to prepare and cook food - The fact that biogas is seen as the solution means the project will promote a more sustainable approah to collecting fuel in the future

Answer 76

- Researchers from the University of Bagalore spent time in rural villages to find what problems they face and try to help using science and tech - The solution to the fuel problem that they found was using cow dung as biogas, and came up with a relatively cheap way of being able to get the most from it

Answer 77

- Methane that is collected can be used for cooking things - The manure can release nitrogen when dried which is good for plant growth - It is a relatively cheap process, so the profit a farmer will make can be spent on other things, creating more opportunities for growth - Girls won't have to spend as many hours collecting wood, and csn instead use this time to go to school

Answer 78

- Needs an upfront investment from the farmers, who have little money to spend (costs $60) - The constant smell of the cow dung could be unpleasent

Answer 79

- The project for top diwn development is the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River in West India - When it is complete it will store monsoon rain for the dry season, and it will be 163m high

Answer 80

- This project is one that aims to try and combat the increasing demand for water across India - The water will be used as drinking water to help people, as well as for dry farmlands using irrgation of the water stored there

Answer 81

- The Indian Governemnt had decided to use the money they had been given/loaned from international organisations to make this scheme happen - They money being used has come partly from the World Bank, partly from Japanese Banks, and partly from state governments in India

Answer 82

- The larger cities benefit theough the multipurpose dam, providing 3.5 billion litres of drinking water per day, and provides Hydroelectric Power - Farmers in Western India benefit from the canals that will irrigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland, where plants would've previously died of thirst

Answer 83

- Local residents are badly affected, as many as villages have been flooded by the dam, and few of them can even afford the elctricty from the scheme - Local farmers have their good quality farmland flooded - Many historic sites in Western India got flooded - The weight if the dam could trigger an Earthquake that would cause mass destruction.

Answer 84

A sustainable aid scheme will deliver long term benefits that are needed by the poorest parts of society.

Answer 85

- Educated urban women with a career tend to marry later - Mortality will fall significantly (Infant Mortality falls with maternal mortality) - Fertility rates have declined rapidly, and has decreased from 5.2 (in 1971) down to 2.6. - Dependancy ratio has decreased from 70.4% to 51.8%

Answer 86

-Urbanisation is increased as better paid jobs arise - India's urban percentage is lower, and slower growing when compared to the rest of the world - India's urban perentage has gone from 30.9% (2000) to 32.7% (2015), a 1.8% increase - Meanwhile the rest of the world has gone from 51.6% (2000) to 54.0% (2015), a 2.4% increase - The fastest growing state is Goa, with a GDP of $4903 - The slowest growing state is Bihar with a GDP of $682 in 2014

Answer 87

- It displays information visually - Good for comapring the trends of states in relation to the country - It's easy to understand - It is clear and easy to compare regions

Answer 88

- It doesn't give you extact data - The bounds of each section are too broard - You can't compare areas of similar wealth - It can be difficult for people (especially if you are colour blind) to notice the difference is shade/colour - Only presents averages of large areas instead of more specific cities

Answer 89

The distribution of GDP in India is that more southern states are wealthier than other states across the nation. A strong example of this is Goa, India's richest state in terms of GDP per capita. On the other hand, an anomaly to this is Delhi in the north of India, which has a GDP greater than $4000, and holds India's capital city of New Delhi.

Answer 90

Maharashtra is located in the southern part of India, in the west, and is just north of Goa.

Answer 91

Typical jobs can include things like banking, IT, call centres, as well as a lot of factory work as well.

Answer 92

The state holds the 2nd largest port in the whole country, while it's other transport links are developed to a good standard.

Answer 93

- This core region has the highest GDP of any state in India (over 1 trillion rupees). - The GDP per person is 104,000 rupees which places it as the 3rd highest out of all Indian states as well

Answer 94

- Education take up is high, meaning the population is very talented. - Healthcare systems here are good - The great education system means this state houses some of India's most talented, well-qualified, and well paid people - The entertainment industry is great here, as Bollywood (largest film industry globally) is based there

Answer 95

Bihar is located in the north part of India, in the east of the mainland.

Answer 96

The typical job for a person living here are subsistance farmers, as 86% of the population live in rural areas.

Answer 97

The transport links here will very poor, as many rural communities will likely be cut-off from each other

Answer 98

- This state has the lowest GDP per capita of any state in India - Only 59% of the population have electricity - 50% of households earn less than 80p per day

Answer 99

- It is a caste-based society, meaning there is poor social mobility - Education is poor, as only 1/3 of children complete primary school - The literacy rate as a result is only 47% - Women are the poorest and only 33% of women can read and write

Answer 100

- Pollution creates smog which can cause lung disease - They have hogb levels of PM2.5 (tiny particles that can clog people's lungs) - 90 times over what the World Health Organisation recommend - Smoke conatins soot and dust particles which clogs the lungs

Answer 101

High levels of greenhouse gases which kead to global warming (like CO2 for example) - High levels of diesel cars can heavily contribute to climate change - Power plants using coal also pollute the air and increase global warming

Answer 102

- 75-80% of water is from domestic sewage, causing diseases like cholera to spread - The flow of untreated sewerage doubled between 1991-2008 ( so there were around 24,000 million litres per day in large towns)

Answer 103

- Greenhouse gases absorbed into water makes it acidic, meaning it kills biological life - Chemicals in batteries causes long lasting damage to wildlife - Around 80% of India's surface water is polluted

Answer 104

- 25% of India's total is undergoing desertification, and this affects the livelihood of millions - 32% of land is facing degradation which affects the food security of millions - These areas can eventually become less habitable which can increase overcrowding in other areas

Answer 105

- The biggest from of land degradation is soil erosion (accounting for 71% of degradation), while wind erosion only takes up 10% - The environment suffers, as ecosystems will start to fall apart with some parts of it (animals or plants) not being able to survive in these worsening conditions (this can lead to species dying off) - This process means 68% of the country is prone to drought, and this will only continue to get worse.

Answer 106

- The increasing car ownership contribtes to more carbon dioxide emissions - The increase in greenhouse gas emissions in India are attributed to the growth of industries as India has developed economically at breakneck pace

Answer 107

- India accounts for 4.5% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, but are part the Paris deal so they need to try to lower it - Although India emitted 1.9bn tonnes of greenhouse gases, the gases emitted per capita are far lower than most industrialised nations

Answer 108

Geopolitical things are things to do with politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors e.g. India’s relationship with the UN

Answer 109

A superpower is a country or group that have a dominating power and influence anywhere in the world. E.g the UK has disproportionate impact in current affairs.

Answer 110

The NDB (New Development Bank) wanted to peovide resources for infrastructure and sustainable development peojects in the BRICS whoch help India become more sustainable.

Answer 111

It's good that India are part of G20 because they are able to hold discussions on international levels, giving them a voice, alongside fincancial security and stability.

Answer 112

India lending money to other Asian countries is good because their investment is being spread around the world, and it helps them form allies.

Answer 113

A positive relationship and trade balance with the USA allows India to negotiate better trade deals for the country wnd gives them more international power.

Answer 114

India wants to improve its geological influence, as it means they are able to develop faster in nearly all areas. This is because having a larger influence/power on the international stage allows India to access a wider range of resources and form better trade deals and relationships with more worldwide powerhouses.

Answer 115

Costs/Challenges: - TNCs don’t create stability for India’s economy – they could easily leave the country - TNCs sometimes don’t fairly pay their taxes to the countries they manufacture in Benefits/Opportunities: -(No big benefits)

Answer 116

Costs/Challenges: - Inequality is high in India – some people have gained more than others through TNCs - 1/3 of the population live on less than $1.25 a day (400 million people) 70% of the population live on less than $2 a day. - TNCs often use lots of fuel and water – denying local people these resources - TNCs pay workers, but this is very low in comparison to the HUGE profits they make, is this fair pay? Benefits/Opportunities: -Poverty levels fell from 37% to 22% in 10 years to 2015 – development is improving lives

Answer 117

Costs/Challenges: -Manufacturing TNCs give off huge levels of pollution affecting health of inhabitants Benefits/Opportunities: -(No huge benefits)

Answer 118

Costs/Challenges: -Some people think India is looking globally to expand trade/influence too soon, they should focus on their own problems of poverty/housing first Benefits/Opportunities: -By joining G20, WB, ADB, IMF, NDB, India’s views/concerns can be brought to global attention

Answer 119

1. Point: Member of G20 Evidence: G20 = 80% worlds GDP, international discussion and problem solving e.g. climate change Judgement: This crucially allows India to have a voice in discussion about the country’s future Explanation: Therefore India can incite change and ensure any changes benefit their country vision. 2. Point: Use of ADB (Asian Development Bank) Evidence: Due to rising GDP growth (between 6% - 8% per year recently, they are now to lend money out to support other developing countries Judgement: This means India's investment is being spread around the world, while it also improves relations with other countries Explanation: Therefore India now hold a certain level of power over other nations, while also improve their relations with them too. 3. Point: Part of the BRICS Evidence: The BRICS have 2/5ths of the world's population and have 1/4 of the world's GDP. They are major manufactures for the world and also have a high demand for services and goods which provide a market for the rest of the world. Judgement: This means India are going to trade a lot with lots of other nations around the world, especially when exporting and sometimes importing, allowing them to grow through trade, FDI, and outsourcing. Explanation:As a result, India can develop quicker, making it more likely that they will eventually make the transition into becoming a fully developed country in the future. All if this is done through or as a result of international relations, trade, organisations, and e.c.t, and helps India to develop even more as a nation.

Answer 120

- S Asia so can trade with many areas. - Long coastline = good sea transport. - Int. airports & good rail network

Answer 121

- 7% GDP growth rate Since Economic Liberalisation 1991 increased trade with EU, China, USA & Middle East. - FDI by TNCs e.g. BT

Answer 122

- Increased wealth for educated class. - Increased LE & lit. - More equality for women & castes. - Renewable energy. - Sadar Sarovar Dam & ASTRA Biogas

Answer 123

- Increased inequality, e.g: - Maharashtra = GDP per capita 104k rupees - Bihar = 27k rupees & only 47% lit. rate. Environment probs e.g. air & water poll.

Answer 124

- EU partner 2004 - Member of G20/UN - Becoming a global “tech superpower”. - Poor relations with Pakistan (dispute over Kashmir).