Paper 2: Fieldwork (Topic 6) Flashcards

Question

Quantitative Data: - Definition - Example

Answer 1

Definition: Numerical Data Example: River Depths

Answer 2

Definition: Non-Numerical, opinion based data Example: Questionnaire Data

Answer 3

Definition: Data you collected yourself Example: Measuring pebble size on a beach

Answer 4

Definition: Data someone else has collected Example: July temperatures for the last 30 years

Answer 5

Definition: Collecting data someone else has collected Example: Picking up stones from any area of a river bed

Answer 6

Definition: Collecting data at specific intervals Example: Sampling every 5th groyne on a beach

Answer 7

Definition: Collecting data from different groups of a population to ensure fair representation, or deliberately introducing bias Example: Surveying 3 residential areas and 3 town centre areas

Answer 8

- Radar Graph (e.g to show areas of environmental quality) - Scatter Graphs (used to compare quantitative data) - Pie Charts (e.g used to show types of vehicles in a Traffic Count) - Photos (e.g comparing areas) - Maps (e.g Choropleth Map) - Bar Charts (e.g to show levels of sand either side of a groyne) - Line Graph (only used to show continuous data or something compared to time)

Answer 9

Stages of Data Analysis are: - Describe the data - Identify patterns - Identify any anomalies - Make links between data sets - Explain the data - Make statistics (median, mode, range, interquartile range, e.c.t)

Answer 10

You need to answer/assess: - How your data provides evidence to answer the question or support your hypothesis? - How valid is your conclusion

Answer 11

In the evaluation, you assess your study as a whole. Some things you evaluate are: - Were there problems in your data collection methods? - Were there limitations with your data? - How reliable was your data? - What other data would have been useful to have?

Answer 12

It is Secondary Data, as it has been recorded by an external source/organisation

Answer 13

They could use 2 of the 3 following: - Random Sampling - Systematic Sampling - Stratified Sampling

Answer 14

One advantage of random sampling is that there is no unconscious bias, but a disadvantage is that it may not be fully representative of the whole area.

Answer 15

One way you might reduce a risk when undertaking coastal fieldwork on a beach could be to bring lots of water and suncream in order to avoid getting sunstroke.

Answer 16

Advantages: - Useful with large samples - Avoids bias Disadvantages: -Might miss parts of a population

Answer 17

Advantages: - Straightforwards - Ensures a good coverage of the area Disadvantages: - May be time consuming

Answer 18

Advantages: - Ensures representation of different populations - Can be flexible Disadvantages: -Hard to establish the proportionsnof sub populations

Answer 19

- It's on the South Coast of the UK - It's in Dorset - Most easerly town on the Jurassic Coast - It's a Tourist Honeypot

Answer 20

- Groynes - Cliffs with signs of mass movement - Beach width changes - could investigate beach profile

Answer 21

Hard engineering prevents longshore drift moving sediment at Swanage

Answer 22

- Swanage has groynes - It only requires simple equipment - We have already studied longshore drift and hard engineering in coasts

Answer 23

- Swanage has used hard engineering strategies - Longshore drift occurs in Swanage Bay - Swanage is within an hour from school - The beach has public access

Answer 24

1. We study hard engineering in coasts - So it is a suitable hypothesis, as I would see the theory in real life 2. Swanage has used coastal management - Therefore it is a suitable location to test its effectiveness 3. Swanage is located under an hour away from school - This meant it is a suitable location, as I can get there and back in a day.

Answer 25

Longshore drift occurs when waves approach the beach at an angle due to the direction of the prevailing wind. This is called swash and it often transports sediment with it. The wave, and the sediment it carries, then returns straight back down the beach (at a 90° angle) because of gravity. This is called backwash. This continues overtime and the waves transport sediment along the coast in a zig-zag motion. Groynes prevent longshore drift from occurring.

Answer 26

Groynes prevent longshore drift from occuring. - Groynes trap the sand and stop longshore drift - This will make the beach wider along the one side of the groyne. - The other side of the groyne, the beach gets narrower

Answer 27

It's important to stay safe from: - Tripping over - Drowning - Getting Lost - Heat Stroke

Answer 28

Risk: Drowning Mitigation: Stay 5m away from the sea / Face the sea when collecting data Explanation: So a wave doesn't catch someone unaware and knock you into the sea

Answer 29

Risk: Heat Stroke Mitigation: Take suntan lotion and a hat

Answer 30

Risk: Getting Lost Mitigation: Take a map and know where the agreed meeting location is

Answer 31

Risk: Tripping over Mitigation: Wear sensible shoes

Answer 32

Swanage is located under an hour away from school. This means that it was easy to travel there and back within a day, which gives us plenty of time to collect data to prove/disprove our hypothesis. Swanage is a coastal location that uses hard engineering. This means that we were able to investigate how groynes interfere with longshore drift.

Answer 33

My hypothesus is suitable as Swanage has many groynes which suggest that longshore drift occurs. Therefore I will be able to find out if my hypothesis of 'Hard engineering prevents longshore drift' is correct. or My hypothesis is suitable as the data collection only requires simple fieldwork equipment. Therefore, I will be able to collect useful data to prove my hypothesis of 'Hard engineering prevents longshore drift.'

Answer 34

Drowning was a risk at my fieldwork location that I reduced by ensuring I stayed 5m away from the sea at all times. This meant that the waves were unable to sweep me into the sea or Sun stroke was a risk at my fieldwork location, as I went during the summer, so I took suncream and a hat. This meant that I was able to prevent getting sunburnt or sunstroke.

Answer 35

- The groyne drop height survey (Primary and Quantitative Data) - The Photo Analysis of Swanage Beach (Secondary and Qualitative Data)

Answer 36

1. Select a random spot on the groyne 2. Measure the drop from the top of the groyne to the sand on the south side. Repeat drops to the nearest cm. 3. Use systematic sampling (every 3rd groyne for example). 4. Repeat 5 times (increase reliability)

Answer 37

Select a random spot on the groyne: - It may not be possible to sample the same point on each groyne and this removes bias. Measure the drop from the top of the groyne to the sand on the south side. Repeat on the North Side: - To see if the drop size differs (which would prove that longshore drift has been stopped) Use systematic sampling (every 3rd groyne for example): - To remove bias and represent the entire beach Repeat 5 times (increase reliability): - To make the investigation more reliable

Answer 38

We could use a random number generator to tell hs which groyne we should collect our data from. This wouldn't be very good, as it wouldn't give an overall representation of the whole coast.

Answer 39

We could use every 3rd groyne along to collect our data from. This would take a longer to complete, but it would mean we cover the entirety of the beach. This is the best type of sampling to do this in investigation

Answer 40

If the upper half of the beach was full of shingle, you'd test if groynes are as effective in stopping longshore drift on sand beaches, as well as shingle beaches. This means both the sandy and shingle beach will be represented. We are not using this way of sampling as the beach is just sandy.

Answer 41

The extent to which your investigation produced consisent results, surveying more groynes will increase reliability as it highlights any anomalies.

Answer 42

Accuracy is how close something is to the true value, e.g to the nearest mm.

Answer 43

Something that could lead you to being inaccurate is holding the ruler at an angle, and not straight. To further increase accuracy, a digital tape measure can be used

Answer 44

1. Find an image (secondary data) 2. Annotate the photo 3. Analyse the photo

Answer 45

- Primary Data | - Quantitative Data

Answer 46

- Secondary Data | - Qualitative Data

Answer 47

A Bar Chart

Answer 48

Advanatages: - Simple and easy to plot - Drawing the groyne in the centre makes it easy to visualise the pattern Disadvantages: - Doesn't show distance between the groynes or offer explanation of anomalies (to improve this we could geolocate them on a map)

Answer 49

You annotate what you can see, which is: - Beach width changes each side of the groyne - South of the groyne, the beach is wider - North of the groyne, the beach is narrower

Answer 50

I ensured my groyne drop hwight survey was reliable by sampling 5 groynes. This meant that if there was an anomaly, I would be able to identify it, as I had 5 sets of data to compare.

Answer 51

I used a photo as my secondary data because it allowed me to see the beach from high up, which enabled me to look at how groynes had changed the beach width over a large area. Consequently, this was much quicker than measuring beach widths as primary data.

Answer 52

I presented my groyne drop height data using bar charts, which showed the groyne down the centre of the south and north sides. This presentation methid was successful, as drawing the groyne down the middle of the data sets made it easier to visualise results. Consequently this made data analysis easier, as we could clearly identify the trend which allowed me to prove my hypothesis. However, this data presentation method did have its limitations, as it didn't show the distance between groynes or where they were located. This means that if there were any anomalies, I may struggle to explain them. Therefore, geolocating these bar charts may have improved my data presentation, as I would have been abke to link my data to the physical environment. In conclusion, my bar charts were effective at representing my groyne drop height data as the clear presentation aided my analysis.

Answer 53

Mea = Total of the Values / Number of Values

Answer 54

- Overall Trend - Mean - Range - Link to hypothesis - Anomalies

Answer 55

The overall trend of the groyne drop height data is that the drop is largest to the north. For example, the mean drop on the north side is 66cm, whereas it is only 34cm on the south side. The mean difference is 32cm. However, the range of the differences is quite large at 47cm. There are no real anomalies, as on all 5 groynes the drop is largest to the north. This evidence supports my hypothesis as the groynes have prevented longshore drift, resulting in sand piling up on the south side (as seen in the smaller drop sizes).

Answer 56

Beach width changes each side of the groyne. To the south of the groyne, the beach is wider, which supports our hypothesis, as it suggests the groyne have prevented longshore drift from creating a build-up of sediment (wider beach). This links directly to our primary data, which suggests the beach is also higher on the south-side (with a mean drop of 34cm, for example)

Answer 57

Our primary data showed the sand was piled up higher on the south side. Our secondary data showed us that the beach was also wider on the south. This showed the groynes have stopped longshore drift because the beach is higher and wider.

Answer 58

In conclusion, I have proven my hypothesis that 'Hard engineering prevents drift at Swanage'? Both my primary and secondary data support this. The groyne drop height survey suggested that there was a large mean difference of 32cm. The beach was also higher on the southern side of each groyne, with a mean drop of just 34cm, whuch was supported by my photo analysis, showing that the beach was akso wider to the south of each groyne. This was due to the groynes preventing longshore drift, resulting in the build up of sediment to the south. These significant differences between north and south side of the groynes, in both my quantitative and qualitative data, allowed me to be confident in my conclusion. This data suggests that hard engineering in Swanage is valuable, especially as the beach is such an important tourist attraction, which would be an at risk without the groynes.

Answer 59

- Was our location right for the study? - Was the data collected the right type of data? - Did we use the right sampling? - Did we use the best equipment possible? - Did we choose the right type of presentation?

Answer 60

How suitabkw was the method for answering the question it was intended to?

Answer 61

Only 5 groynes were sampled, and this can be made more reliable by increasing the sample size (e.g, up to 8 groynes)

Answer 62

- 1 paragraph on the method - 1 paragraph on results - Developed explanations - Key terms (accuracy, reliability, e.c.t)

Answer 63

My coasts fieldwork tested the hypothesis that, 'Hard engineering prevents longshore drift at Swanage'. I would improve my groyne drop height test next time by using more accurate equipment, such as a digital tape measure. This would allow me to record data to the nearest milimeter, increasing the accuracy. However, while my results may slightly change, they would not impact by conclusion. Next time, I would also improve the reliability of my results by increasing my sample size. Due to time restrictions, I was only able to measure 5 groynes, which means that any anomalies may have influenced my data. By increasing my sample size to 8 groynes, my data would be more reliable, giving me more confidence in my conclusion. I would also have liked to have visited at a different time of year.

Answer 64

Tourism has an environmental imapct in Swanage.

Answer 65

● The impact of tourism is on the GCSE course. ● We live in a tourist resort so find the concept interesting. ● Swanage is a tourist honeypot. ● Easy to collect information on the environmental quality. ● It doesn’t require any specialist equipment. ● Swanage is a tourist attraction. ● In 2017 181,000 tourists visited and 873,000 day visits were made. ● Swanage is within an hour from our school.

Answer 66

1. We study the impact of tourism - So it is a suitable hypothesis, as I would like to see the Butler Model in real life (+ see coasts work, and e.c.t) 2. 181,000 tourists stayed in Swanage in 2017 - Therefore I can collect data to answer my hypothesis easily. 3. No specialist equipment is needed - Therefore it is a suitable location to access the environmental impact of tourism.

Answer 67

The Butler Model is also called the Tourism Life Cycle model. It suggests that tourist resorts go through 6 stages as they grow. Stage 3 is named the Consolidation/Success stage. Their economy is probably dominated by tourism at the stage and many local people will have a job in the industry. Stage 4 is stagnation and after this, they can either go into rejuvination or decline.

Answer 68

● Tripping over. ● Getting lost. ● Road accidents. ● Sun stroke.

Answer 69

Mitigation: | Take suncream lotion and a hat and sunglasses

Answer 70

Mitigation: | Take a mal and know where the agreed meeting location is

Answer 71

Mitigation: | Wear sensible shoes

Answer 72

Mitigation: | Always cross roads at traffic lights or zebra crossings.

Answer 73

One advantage of doing fieldwork in Swanage is that it is easy to collect data here to prove/disprove the hypothesis, as 181,000 tourists visited in 2017.

Answer 74

We study the impact of tourism in our GCSE studies, so it's a suitable hypothesis, as we can see the Butler Model in real life (as well as using knowledge from Coasts)

Answer 75

I mitigated the risk of getting heat stroke by taking suncream and a hat with sunglasses. This allowed me to prevent myself from getting sunburnt or sunstroke and kept me safe. I also mitigated tripping over by wearing sensible footwear, which ensured that I didn't fall over and hurt myself.

Answer 76

We will use an Environmental quality survey and a photo analysis will show us how much litter and e.c.t is in Swanage. A shopping basket survey would only tell us about the economic impact, meaning it would be used, while a pedestrian count doesn't show us anything about the environment.

Answer 77

Select a tourist area (promenade) and a non tourist residential area. Systematic sampling- Every 200m along a transect.

Answer 78

Complete an EQS in each area. Repeat this 3 times in a tourist area and 3 times in a non tourist areas (increase reliability).

Answer 79

Primary Data Quantitative Data

Answer 80

1. Select a tourist and non tourist location. Systematic sample along 2 transects (every 200m). 2. Complete an EQS. 3. Survey 16 different elements. 4. Repeat at 3 tourist locations and 3 non tourist locations.

Answer 81

To see if there there is a difference between two different areas. Systematic sampling avoids bias in location selection.

Answer 82

To make a judgement about the impact on the environment

Answer 83

Reduces the impact of any anomalies

Answer 84

To increase reliability

Answer 85

We use someone else's photo so we can see what Swanage is like on a different day. It helps the data be more reliable, as it gives something to base off of a different time of year.

Answer 86

- Primary Data | - Quantitative Data

Answer 87

- Secondary Data | - Qualitative Data

Answer 88

A radar graph will be used (with 4 axes). | There will be axes fir Buildings, Traffic, Open Space, and General Quality

Answer 89

Advantages: - Simple and east to plot, increasing the accuracy - Had 4 axes - Area shows totals clearly, enhancing intrpretation Disadvantages: - Doesn't show locations which may explain anomalies

Answer 90

To improve this, we could geolocate our radar graphs. This would involve placing the radar graphs at different locations on a map. This would allow us to look at the physical environment to see if there is a reason for these patterns.

Answer 91

I used systematic sampling to survey sites every 200m in both a tourist and a non tourist area. This meant that I would avoid bias in selecting where to complete my environmental quality survey (EQS).

Answer 92

I used photos as my secondary data because it allowed me to see the envirpnmental quality at a different point in time, which enabled me to see if the photo supported my primary data or if my findings were a one off. It also helped to remove bias as I could have ben subconsciously taking photos of specific area to provemy hypothesis.

Answer 93

I presented my environmental quality data using radar graphs. This presentation method was successful to a great extent, as it has 4 axes. This allowed me to maintain the detail showing the score for buildings, traffic, open space, and general quality. Consequently, this will aid my analysis as I can see individual scores to identify patterns better. However, this presentation method did have its limitations, as it didn't show the location of the sites. This means that it would not have allowed me to explain any anomalies that may have occurred. Therefore, geolocating these radar graphs may have improved my data presentation, as I would have been able to link my data to the physical environment. In conclusion, my radar graphs were effective at representing my environmental quality data to a large extent, but could have been enhanced by geolocation.

Answer 94

The overall trend of the environmental quality survey is that it is higher in the non-tourist locations, for example, the mean EQS score for tourist locations is just 42, whereas it is much higher at 64 in the non tourist locations. This is a difference of 22, which is a significant difference. There are no real anomalies as all 3 tourist locations were the highest. This evidence supports my hypothesis as the tourist locations have the lowest EPQ scores.

Answer 95

The photo showed the environmental quality has been lowered near the beach where most tourists visit. For example, some people may find facilities such as signs, bins, and deckchairs unpleasant to look at. This supports my hypothesis, as it suggests that tourism has had a negative impact in Swanage. This links directly to our primary data, which suggested the tourist areas scored on average 22 lower than the non tourist areas.

Answer 96

In conclusion, I have proven my hypothesis that 'Tourism has had an environmental impact in Swanage'. Both my peimary and secondary data support this. The environmental quality survey suggested that the tourist locations had a mean environmental quality of just 42 where as the non tourist locations scored higher at 64. This was a large, mean difference of 22. This was supported by my photo analysis where several photos shows a lower environmental quality near the beach with signs and rubbish bins, making the area look unpleasant. These quantitative and qualitative data allowed me to be confident in my conclusion.

Answer 97

The reliability can be increased by increasing the number of sites visited and recorded. It could be increased further by going in a different day, at a different time, in different conditions (Weekends v Weekdays) (Different Weathers) (Different Times Of Day)

Answer 98

You could walk across all the areas your going to survey before you start, so you already have a sense of scale/proportion when you start your EQS. Alternatively, you could use a key, which will also give you a better sense of scale and proportion in your EQS.

Answer 99

My Human fieldwork tested the hypothesis of 'Tourism has had an environmental impact in Swanage'. My results were helpful in reaching a reliable conclusion, as I surveyed 6 sites (3 tourist and 3 non-tourist locations). Having a large sample size means that if any of the sites were an anomaly, I would have been able to identify them more easily. It also allowed me to take a mean. Therefore, when I made my conclusion, I was confident it was reliable as the mean difference was 22. I was also confident my conclusion was reliable as my secondary qualitative data analysis supportee my primary data. The photo also showed me that the beach area had a lower quality due to bins and signage which matched the EQS score of 42. As it was secondary data, it removed the chance of bias in data collection, and so therefore I can be more confident in my conclusion.

Paper 2: Fieldwork (Topic 6) Flashcards

(124 cards)