Paper 2 (human) Case Studies Flashcards

Question

What are the advantages and disadvantages of small scale development

Answer 1

Advantages: People/community work together which spreads support and boosts morale Doesn’t take long to get going Doesn’t require lots of money if its small scale People can input opinions and be listened to Voluntary work Disadvantages: Budget is low Not able to scale up Can’t deal with huge problems like air pollution Nay not get political support

Answer 2

Causes: Increased population means increased demand for water which puts pressure on the local supply Used to build aquaducts t transport water now they pump water from reservoirs 96km away Effects: 70% of the water comes from aquifers in wells deep underground and now running dry due to expoiltation Land sinking, buildings, power lines and sewage pipes are also broken

Answer 3

Cause: Migrants looking for housing due to bad QoL in rural areas Effect: Squatter settlements, lack of basic services, clean water, electricity Sewage left untreated (leads to diseases like cholera) Some live in the zone of disamenity (high crime rates) run down blocks Rich areas have increased in gated communities in fear of robberies etc

Answer 4

Causes: Strong manufacturing and finance industries 18% of the country lives in the city and produces 24% of the income Demand has an out spaced supply (pop is outgrowing the jobs available) Effect: 60% of jobs are informal and 25% of taxes are unofficial (car cleaners, street sellers ect) Lack of security leaving room for exploitation and unreliable income Gov faces challenges collecting taxes from these sectors

Answer 5

Causes: Deforestation, mechanisation, urbanisation Effects: Transport exhaust fumes emit large amounts of air pollution People suffer from runny eyes, sore throats and diseases as a result Being surrounded by mountains prevents dispersal of these pollutants

Answer 6

Cause: (Context) Produces 13,000 tonnes of waste yet only 9000 of it is disposed of in waste disposal systems Come dumped on open areas, streets, drains, waterways ect.. effects: 70 million tonnes of waste has been buried beneath waste dumps and now polluting water supplies Of the 13,000 tonnes 3,600 goes to landfill, 3000 make compost and 800 tonnes make plastic bottles

Answer 7

In South Asia, bordering Pakistan and china Vast coastline along Indian Ocean Capital city - New Delhi along with major cities like Mumbai and Chennai Population - 1.4 billion

Answer 8

Economically- One of the worlds fastest growing economies, classified as an emerging country Apart of the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, india, china, South Africa) Has a mixed economy, growing services sector (IT and finance) Indias GDP - £5.7 trillion making it the 5th largest economy in the world Politically - Worlds largest democracy with a federal parliamentary system Being a member of the UN, G2O and the world trade organisation Regional tensions with Pakistan and china but strengthens its relations with UK and USA

Answer 9

Natural - Agriculture (rice, cotton, wheat) Minerals and energy (coil, iron, oils) Renewable energy (investment in solar and wind power) Human - Large work force due to young population Education and technology Urbanisation

Answer 10

Pop - over 1.4 billion (most populated country in the world) Languages - over 1,600 langs (hindi, English) Religion - (Hinduism 80%, islam 14%) Urban vs rural - 36% of the population live in cities but urbanisation is increasing due to industrial growth

Answer 11

Climate - Tropical monsoon climate (hot summers with heavy monsoon rains, and dry winters) Environmental regions - (South) Himalayas - cold temps, mountain ranges (Central) fertile land for agriculture (East/west) humid, tropical conditions for fishing industries (tigers and elephants too)

Answer 12

More than 1/2

Answer 13

Yes. India has uneven development, with richer, urban areas like Mumbai developing faster than poorer, rural areas like Bihar.

Answer 14

• It’s a major economic hub with industries like finance, IT, and Bollywood. • Attracts foreign investment and skilled workers. • Has better infrastructure, healthcare, and education. • However, some people still live in slums, showing inequality within the city.

Answer 15

• It’s a rural state with a weak economy based on subsistence farming. • High poverty, low literacy rates, and poor health care. • Lacks investment, jobs, and infrastructure. • Has some of the lowest income levels in India.

Answer 16

India has shifted from a primary-based economy to a growing secondary and rapidly expanding tertiary sector.

Answer 17

• Shrinking as fewer people work in farming and more move to cities. • Farming is becoming more mechanised, but many rural areas still rely on it.

Answer 18

• Growing, especially in manufacturing and construction. • Driven by FDI (foreign direct investment) and cheap labour. • Key industries include textiles, steel, and car production.

Answer 19

• Rapid growth in services like banking, retail, healthcare, and education. • Big rise in IT and call centres, especially in cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad. • Services now contribute the most to India’s GDP.

Answer 20

Yes, slowly. • Focus on technology, science, and innovation. • Expanding in tech hubs like Bangalore, with skilled graduates in software and research.

Answer 21

Social : Healthcare - people have easier access to a wider range of medical services (even the poor) Education - free, migrants often move to cities to have access to schools for their children to have a better chance in life Economic : Offers huge range of jobs (IT, Bollywood) Formal - jobs registered, workers pay taxes to government and have legal obligation to protect the workers Informal - minimum wage, no taxes, no holidays (eg, street sellers)

Answer 22

RURAL REGIÓN Average income is £250 which is 25% less than other cities at £1,100 26 of indias 160 poorest districts are in Bihar 80% of people live in rural areas (high birth rates and poor education) 58% of households have electricity 12% have water flushed toilets 55% of households live below the poverty line Gov is more corrupt than anywhere else in India Low literacy rates of 64% Only 30% of primary school kids attend school Only 57% of households have electricity

Answer 23

URBAN REGION Mild climate GNI per capita (5 x Bihars) Electricity: 93% of households have access Water access: 83% have access to treated tap water Water in slums: 45 litres per person per day (recommended: 135 LPCD) Literacy rate (citywide): 89% Literacy rate (slums): 60–70% Healthcare access: 80%+ have some form of access

Answer 24

• India is one of the world’s largest trading nations • Major exports: petroleum products, textiles, pharmaceuticals, machinery, IT services • Major imports: crude oil, gold, electronics • Trade partners: USA, China, UAE, UK • Trade has increased due to globalisation and economic reforms • Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Answer 25

• India used to receive large amounts of aid but now is more selective • Currently receives mostly: • Short-term/emergency aid (e.g. disaster relief) • Tied aid or aid for specific projects (e.g. UK-funded solar energy or education projects) • In 2015, the UK ended large-scale financial aid due to India’s growing economy

Answer 26

• India is a major destination for FDI, especially from TNCs (transactional corporations) • Investment mainly in IT, telecommunications, retail, and manufacturing • Cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai attract tech and service industries • FDI has helped create jobs, develop infrastructure, and transfer technology • Example: Coca-Cola, Infosys, and Tata Group have invested in or expanded in India

Answer 27

Study of population

Answer 28

Age gender and migration

Answer 29

Birth rate dropped from 45/1,000 (1950s) to around 17/1,000 today. Fertility rate fell from 5.9 children per woman to about 2.0. Due to better education for women, contraception, urbanisation, and rising living costs.

Answer 30

Death rate decreased from 22/1,000 to 7/1,000. Infant mortality rate dropped due to better healthcare & vaccinations, sanitation and clean water, improved maternal care and nutrition.

Answer 31

1950s: Wide base (high birth rate), narrow top (low life expectancy). Today: Narrower base, wider middle and top. Shows lower birth/death rates, longer life expectancy, more working-age people (demographic dividend).

Answer 32

Slower population growth, higher life expectancy (~70 years), larger working-age population → boosts economy. Urban pressure increases (jobs, housing, healthcare). Need to plan for ageing population in the future.

Answer 33

Education improved: Literacy rate now around 77%, more female education, more attending secondary and higher education. Growing middle class: Over 300 million people, better jobs, incomes, and consumption. Growth in services, housing, and technology use. Inequality remains: Urban vs rural divide, gender inequality (especially in rural areas), regional inequality (Mumbai vs. Bihar), many still in poverty, especially in slums and villages.

Answer 34

Increased rural-to-urban migration as people move to cities like Mumbai and Bangalore for jobs. • Growth of urban slums due to overcrowding (e.g., Dharavi). • Loss of young, skilled workers from rural areas (brain drain). • Rise in international migration of skilled workers to countries like the UK and USA.

Answer 35

Higher incomes allow more families to afford schooling. • Increased literacy rate (~77%) and better female education. • More students progress to secondary and higher education, especially in cities. • Growth in technical education to support industries like IT.

Answer 36

Rapid expansion of megacities (Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad). • Development of infrastructure like roads, metros, and airports. • Increased informal housing and slum growth due to housing shortages. • Greater pressure on urban services (water, healthcare, transport).

Answer 37

Widened the gap between rich and poor. • Strong urban-rural divide — cities wealthier, rural areas poorer. • Continued gender inequality, especially in rural regions. • Regional disparities, e.g., Maharashtra is richer than Bihar.

Answer 38

After British India split in 1947, princely states had to join either India or Pakistan. Kashmir’s ruler chose to join India, but Pakistan disputed this, leading to conflict. This sparked the First Indo-Pak war (1947–1948) over Kashmir.

Answer 39

Several ceasefire agreements on the LoC have been attempted. Diplomatic talks and back-channel negotiations happen occasionally. However, peace remains fragile due to deep mistrust and nationalism.

Answer 40

Historically linked due to colonial past (British rule until 1947). Today, friendly relations with strong trade ties and cultural connections. Cooperation in education, defence, and technology. UK is home to a large Indian diaspora.

Answer 41

Complex and often tense relationship due to border disputes (e.g., 1962 war, recent clashes in Ladakh). Both are major Asian powers competing for influence. Economic ties growing but strategic rivalry continues. India is cautious about China’s role in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific.

Answer 42

Mixed relations with countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Pakistan. Promotes regional cooperation through SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). Engages in development aid and trade with neighbours. Tensions exist mainly with Pakistan and over border disputes with Nepal and China.

Answer 43

Focus on non-alignment historically, now more strategic global engagement. Emphasis on regional security and economic growth. Active participation in UN, G20, BRICS, and QUAD (with US, Japan, Australia). Policy aims to balance relations with the West and Asian powers.

Answer 44

Strong focus on modernising armed forces and increasing defence spending. Nuclear weapons capability maintained as a deterrent. Regular military exercises with allies (e.g., US, Russia). Focus on border security, especially with China and Pakistan. Investing in space and cyber defence capabilities.

Answer 45

Water pollution Desertification Air pollution Deforestation Greenhouse gases

Answer 46

68% of india is prone to drought (mostly Kashmir) Causes - vegetation roots binds to soil and vegetation dies Soil is left exposed sand wind blows soil away No leaves to intercept rain and soil is washed away Sun bakes soil and it cracks (looses fertility)

Answer 47

13 of the most polluted cities in the world are in India (Delhi is the first) Air pollution reduces life expectancy by 4 years for the 660 million Indians who live in polluted areas In rural areas, pollution comes from dung fuelled fires, paraffin stoves and lights Crop yields struggle to grow in ozone (concerns with tourism being affected)

Answer 48

Water supply is under enormous pressure in terms of quantity and quality The amount of rivers polluted doubled in 5 years (275) Less than 1/3 of sewage is being treated The Ganges us ranked amongst the worlds ten most polluted rivers Other causes is industrial waste and agricultural run off

Answer 49

3rd largest co2 emitter- 5164 million tonnes (chinas first and USA is second) This is due to indias heavy reliance on coal as a source of energy Wants to reduce emissions but there’s currently 400 million people without electricity Needs to meet its target for lower emissions and increase its green cover to create an additional carbon sink of 3 million tonnes of coz equivalent

Answer 50

2015 - gov declared that climate change was indias biggest economic threat More than 60% of indias farming relays on monsoon rain Which threatens farming sector which is worth £870 billion and provides hundreds of millions of jobs

Answer 51

Become a major issue Causes include commercial logging, conversion of forests for agricultural use, mining and over grazing Deforestation causes problems like - Flooding Loss of biodiversity Soil erosion Climate change (Impacts food security of others)

Paper 2 (human) Case Studies Flashcards

(77 cards)