Paper 2 (human) Changing Cities

Question 1

What is a Central Business District (CBD)?

Answer 1

The centre of a city where many offices and shops are located.

Question 2

What is a Commuter Village?

Answer 2

A rural village separate from the city but within commuting distance for its residents to work in the city.

Question 3

What is Counter Urbanisation?

Answer 3

Migration away from a city because of urban problems (crime, congestion, etc).

Question 4

What is De-centralisation?

Answer 4

The movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from CBDs into housing estates, retail and business parks in the suburbs.

Question 5

What is Dereliction?

Answer 5

Where buildings are left unused or abandoned.

Question 6

What is Deindustrialisation?

Answer 6

Declining industrial activity in a region or economy which causes high levels of unemployment.

Question 7

What is Globalisation?

Answer 7

The increasing connections between places and people across the world, through trade, ideology and cultural exchanges.

Question 8

What is Integrated Transport?

Answer 8

A system that links different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city.

Question 9

What is International Migration?

Answer 9

The movement of people between countries, for work or long term residence.

Question 10

What is a Lower Income Country (LIC)?

Answer 10

A country of low wealth and a limited level of development.

Question 11

What is a Megacity?

Answer 11

A city with a population greater than 10 million people.

Question 12

What is a Middle Income Country (MIC)?

Answer 12

A country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development.

Question 13

What is a Multicultural City?

Answer 13

A city that shares and encourages multiple cultures and religions, besides the national culture.

Question 14

What is Net Migration?

Answer 14

The total number of people entering minus the number of people leaving a country.

Question 15

What is Population Density?

Answer 15

The number of people living per square meter of land. It’s a measure of how squashed together or spread out a population is.

Question 16

What are Pull Factors?

Answer 16

Reasons why a person may feel attracted towards living in the city.

Question 17

What are Push Factors?

Answer 17

Reasons why a person may feel they need to move away from a rural area.

Question 18

What was the Industrial Revolution

Answer 18

• A period (around 1760–1840) when major changes happened in industry, transport, and technology.
• Machines replaced manual work – especially in factories.
• It began in Britain and spread to other countries.
• People moved from rural areas (countryside) to cities – this is called urbanisation.
• Coal, iron, and steam power were key to the changes.

Question 19

Why was the Industrial Revolution significant

Answer 19

• Urban Growth: Cities like Manchester and Birmingham grew rapidly.
• New Jobs: Many factory jobs were created in cities.
• Transport Improvements: Railways and canals were built to move goods and people.
• Pollution & Overcrowding: Poor housing, dirty air, and lack of sanitation in cities.
• Class Changes: A growing working class and rich industrial middle class appeared.
• Global Impact: Led to Britain becoming a global industrial power.

Question 20

What’s the population of the uk as a whole and in the countries in it

Answer 20

Uk - 66 million which is distributed unevenly
England - 53 million (london - 8 million)
N.Ireland - 1.8 million
Scotland - 5 million
Wales - 3 million

Question 21

How has the process of urbanisation varied over time in developed countries?

Answer 21

Happened in the 19th century (industrial Revolution)
Mechanisation, loss of primary employment on farms
Uk urban pop grew 10% per year from 1830-1890
82% of the uks pop is urban

Question 22

How has the process of urbanisation varied over time in emerging and developing countries

Answer 22

Happened or happening in the last 50 years
Urban pop increased at a much faster rate than developed countries
Not enough time to built proper accommodation with necessities (slums and shanty towns)
Push and pull factors

Question 23

What are some reasons people would not want to live in urban areas

Answer 23

Expensive
Noisy
Cost of living crisis
Unclean
Overcrowded

Question 24

What are some reasons why people would want to live in urban areas

Answer 24

Job opportunities
Education
Health care
Public transport
Higher wages
Entertainment
Housing

Question 25

Advantages of out of town shopping

Answer 25

• More Space: Room for large stores, free parking, and easy access. • Cheaper Land: Costs less than city centre locations, so shops can be bigger. • Easier Access: Usually close to major roads or motorways – convenient for drivers. • Less Congestion: Avoids busy city centre traffic and crowds. • One-Stop Shopping: Many shops, restaurants, and entertainment (like cinemas) in one place. • Creates Jobs: Brings employment to the local area. • Attracts Shoppers: Often has popular brands and longer opening hours.

Question 26

Disadvantages of out of town shopping

Answer 26

• City Centres Suffer: Pulls shoppers away, leading to decline in high street shops. • Traffic Increases: More cars on major roads, causing congestion and pollution. • Harm to Environment: Built on greenfield sites – destroys natural habitats and farmland. • Less Accessible: Difficult for people without a car (especially elderly or low-income). • Loss of Community Feel: Fewer people use local, independent shops. • Urban Sprawl: Encourages cities to spread out, using more land.

Question 27

Why is the uks urban population unevenly distributed

Answer 27

• Industrial History: Cities like Manchester, Birmingham, and Glasgow grew during the Industrial Revolution – they still. have large populations today. • Jobs and Economy: More people live in areas with lots of jobs – especially in London and the South East. • Transport Links: Big cities with motorways, railways, and airports attract more people and businesses. • University Cities: Places like Leeds, Bristol, and Nottingham have large student populations. • Immigration: Cities like London and Birmingham attract migrants due to more opportunities and diverse communities. • Climate and Landscape: Fewer people live in mountainous or remote areas like parts of Scotland and Wales. • Housing and Services: Urban areas offer more hospitals, schools, shops, and entertainment – attracting more people.

Question 28

Where are the most mega cities found

Answer 28

Asia, specifically china

Question 29

What’s the difference between formal work and informal work

Answer 29

Formal Work • Official and legal employment. • Workers have contracts and regular hours. • Pays taxes to the government. • Includes benefits like sick pay, pensions, and job security. • Examples: teachers, office workers, factory workers, nurses. Informal Work • Not officially registered with the government. • No contracts or legal protection. • Often cash-in-hand and untaxed. • No benefits (e.g. no sick pay or holiday pay). • Examples: street sellers, shoe shiners, cleaners paid in cash, small market stall owners.

Question 30

State 3 examples of jobs in the informal sector

Answer 30

House cleaners Rag pickers Street sellers

Question 31

What is Quality of Life?

Answer 31

The environment and community a person is part of, as well as their health and access to essentials.

Question 32

What is Regeneration?

Answer 32

Upgrading existing areas to improve its appearance or reputation by constructing new buildings for urban, industrial, commercial and rural areas.

Question 33

What is Remittance?

Answer 33

A family member living in a different country can send money back to their country of origin to support their family substantially.

Question 34

What is Re-urbanisation?

Answer 34

Migration into an area or town that had been abandoned in the past.

Question 35

What is Rural-Urban Migration?

Answer 35

Individuals move their homes from a rural area to the urban city, for work opportunities or a better quality of life.

Question 36

What is Social Inequality?

Answer 36

The difference in quality of life between groups in society such as incomes, age, gender, ethnicity and disabilities.

Question 37

What are Squatter Settlements?

Answer 37

Clusters of temporary housing in which migrants or low income families live in, often built on unfavourable land.

Question 38

What is Suburbanisation?

Answer 38

Migration to live on the periphery (suburbs) of a city or town.

Question 39

What are Suburbs?

Answer 39

Residential land surrounding the city, offering more space, cheaper land but further from the CBD.

Question 40

What is a Transnational Company (TNC)?

Answer 40

A business with operations in more than one country.

Question 41

What is Urbanisation?

Answer 41

The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas.

Question 42

What is Urban Sprawl?

Answer 42

The process of a city growing and spreading out, taking over surrounding greenfield land.

Question 43

What is a World City?

Answer 43

A city with global influence through politics, businesses or travel.