Paper 2 (Human) Resource Managment Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What are abiotic components?
A
Non-living environmental factors that have influence over the ecosystem (e.g. climate, light exposure, soil type).
2
Q
What is air pollution?
A
The level of toxic gases and particulates in the air.
3
Q
What are biotic components?
A
Living organisms that interact with the environment and other organisms within an ecosystem.
4
Q
What is climate change?
A
A distinct change in global or regional patterns of climate, such as changes in temperature or precipitation patterns.
5
Q
What is deforestation?
A
The permanent (and usually large-scale) removal of trees.
6
Q
What is energy deficit?
A
A country that generates less energy than its population needs (the supply is less than the demand).
7
Q
What is energy security?
A
When a country has ownership and control of their energy source, production and transportation.
8
Q
What is energy surplus?
A
A country that generates more energy than its population needs (the supply is greater than the demand).
9
Q
What is a food chain?
A
A linear relationship showing the biotic interactions within an ecosystem, from a producer to a final consumer.
10
Q
What is forestry?
A
The management of woodland and forests.
11
Q
What are fossil fuels?
A
Fuels made up of the remains of organic material, such as oil, coal and gas.
12
Q
What is fracking?
A
The process of releasing trapped natural gas from shale rocks by pushing high-pressure liquids underground to cause the shale rocks to crack.
13
Q
What is geothermal energy?
A
Water is pumped deep underground to be heated by magma plumes or radioactive rocks, creating steam that turns turbines to generate electricity.
14
Q
What are greenhouse gases?
A
Gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that trap energy and contribute to the greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and nitrous oxides).
15
Q
What is hydroelectric energy?
A
A form of energy which uses moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity, usually associated with dams.
16
Q
What is industrialisation?
A
The development of the industrial sector in a country or region.
17
Q
What is importing?
A
Purchasing resources (i.e. food or products) from another country.
18
Q
What is non-renewable energy?
A
A source of energy that will run out or will take thousands of years to replace, such as fossil fuels.
19
Q
What is nuclear fusion?
A
The process of joining atomic nuclei together to produce energy.
20
Q
What are oil spills?
A
Accidents where oil leaks from pipes, oil rigs or even freight ships onto land or sea.
21
Q
What is renewable energy?
A
Primary energy that can be re-used to produce electricity or has a short lifetime, therefore any used can be replaced quickly (e.g. hydroelectric, wind, solar).
22
Q
What is secondary energy?
A
The product of primary energy, mainly electricity.
23
Q
What is soil erosion?
A
Removal of soil particles, causing a loss of nutrients and moisture, leading to a reduced number of plants.
24
Q
What is solar energy?
A
Energy produced by solar panels absorbing sunlight.
25
What is sustainability?
Managing resources and activities in a way that meets the demands for the present, while considering the impacts this will have for future generations.
26
What is tidal energy?
Energy powered by the changes of the tide, with turbines built on the seabed turned by the water as the tides change.
27
What is urbanisation?
The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas.
28
What is water pollution?
The levels of toxic substances and litter in waterways and underground water stores.
29
What is wave energy?
Energy created by waves, with small turbines located in buoys that generate electricity as waves pass through.
30
What is wind energy?
Energy fuelled by wind, generated as wind goes through wind turbines.
31
What is frontal precipitation?
Where air masses of different temperatures meet at a front, causing precipitation beneath the front.
32
What is the global hydrological cycle?
The continuous transfer of water between land, atmosphere and oceans. The Earth is a closed system.
33
What is groundwater flow?
The horizontal movement of water through permeable or porous rock deep below the water table.
34
What is hydrological drought?
When reduced precipitation impacts water supply, leading to a decrease in streamflow, soil moisture, reservoir, lake and groundwater levels.
35
What is infiltration?
The movement of water vertically through the pores in soil.
36
What is interception?
Raindrops are prevented from falling directly onto the ground, instead hitting the leaves of a tree.
37
What is meteorological drought?
When the amount of precipitation received in an area is below average.
38
What is a monsoon?
The drastic variation between wet and dry seasons for subtropical areas, caused by a change in the prevailing wind, which can lead to annual flooding.
39
What is percolation?
Water moving vertically from soil into permeable rock.
40
What is physical water scarcity?
A physical lack of available freshwater which cannot meet demand.
41
What is relief precipitation?
Precipitation produced when air masses are forced to rise over high land, determined by the relief/morphology of the land.
42
What is river regime?
The pattern of river discharge (flow) over a year.
43
What is runoff?
Water flowing over the surface of the ground, e.g. after precipitation or snowmelt.
44
What is salinisation?
When salt water contaminates freshwater stores or soils, creating saline conditions and reducing human use/consumption.
45
What is saltwater encroachment?
The movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers or soils, possibly caused by sea level rise, storm surges or over-extraction.
46
What is smart irrigation?
Providing crops with a water supply less than optimal, to make crops resistant to water shortages.
47
What is a storm hydrograph?
A graph that shows the variation of river discharge over a short period of time (days).
48
What is throughflow?
Water moving horizontally through the soil, due to gravity.
49
What is transpiration?
The process through which water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves of plants.
50
What is a watershed?
The boundary between neighbouring drainage basins.
51
What is water conservation?
Strategies to reduce water usage and demand.
52
What is water recycling?
The treatment and purification of wastewater, in order to increase supply and meet demands.
53
What is water security?
The ability to maintain and access a sustainable water source that adequately meets demand.
54
What is a water sharing treaty?
International agreements for transboundary water sources.
55
What is water transfer?
Hard engineering projects, such as pipelines or aqueducts, which divert water between basins to meet demand.
56
What is channel flow?
The movement of water flowing in a rivulet, stream or river.
57
What is convectional precipitation?
Solar radiation heats the air above the ground, causing it to rise, cool & condense, forming precipitation (often as thunderstorms).
58
What is a drought?
A prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world (WHO Definition).
59
What is economic water scarcity?
When water resources are available but insufficient economic wealth limits access to it.
60
What are ENSO cycles?
El Nino Southern Oscillations - naturally occurring phenomena that involves the movement of warm water in the Equatorial Pacific.
61
What is evapotranspiration?
The combined total moisture transferred from the Earth to the atmosphere, through evaporation and transpiration.
62
Name 4 ways in which we as humans exploit our environment
Overfishing
• Reduces fish populations faster than they can reproduce, disrupting marine food chains.
• Damages marine ecosystems, e.g. coral reefs, due to destructive fishing methods like trawling.
Deforestation
• Destroys habitats and leads to loss of biodiversity.
• Increases carbon emissions and contributes to climate change by removing carbon sinks.
Intensive Farming
• Overuses chemical fertilisers and pesticides, causing soil and water pollution.
• Reduces biodiversity through monoculture and habitat destruction.
Fossil fuels
• Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming and climate change.
• Extraction methods like mining and drilling damage ecosystems and pollute land and water.
63
What are the 4 resources that we use and conserve
Nuclear power stations
Water reservoirs
Woodlands
Farmlands
64
How has the demand for food in the UK changed?
There’s increased demand for exotic, seasonal, and organic food, often imported from other countries.
65
What are the environmental impacts of importing food into the UK?
Increased food miles lead to higher carbon emissions and a larger ecological footprint.
66
What are the economic impacts of food imports on UK producers?
It can make it harder for local farmers to compete, potentially leading to job losses and farm closures.
67
What is meant by ‘food miles’?
The distance food travels from where it is produced to the consumer.
68
What strategies can make food in the UK more sustainable?
Eating locally sourced and seasonal food, reducing waste, organic farming, and supporting local producers.
69
What are the benefits of organic farming?
Fewer chemicals, improved soil health, better animal welfare, and lower environmental impact.
70
Why is water demand increasing in the UK?
Due to population growth, more households, and higher use of water-intensive appliances.
71
Which areas of the UK have a water surplus?
The North and West of the UK.
72
Which areas of the UK have a water deficit?
The South and East, where population is high and rainfall is lower.
73
What causes water pollution in the UK?
Agricultural runoff (fertilisers and pesticides), sewage, and industrial discharge.
74
How is water quality managed in the UK?
Through water treatment plants, regulations (e.g. EU Water Framework Directive), and environmental monitoring.
75
What are water transfer schemes?
Moving water from areas of surplus (e.g. North West) to areas of deficit (e.g. South East).
76
What are the concerns about water transfer schemes?
High cost, environmental disruption, and local opposition.
77
What are some sustainable water use strategies?
Installing water meters, collecting rainwater, greywater recycling, fixing leaks, and promoting water conservation.
78
How has the UK’s energy mix changed since the 1970s?
There’s been a shift from coal to natural gas, nuclear, and renewable energy sources.
79
Why has coal use declined in the UK?
Due to environmental concerns, carbon emissions, and closure of mines.
80
What are the main renewable energy sources in the UK?
Wind, solar, hydroelectric, biomass, and tidal power.
81
What are the advantages of renewable energy in the UK?
Reduced greenhouse gas emissions, sustainable supply, and energy security.
82
What are the disadvantages of renewable energy in the UK?
High initial costs, visual impact, intermittent supply (e.g. solar at night), and environmental concerns (e.g. wind farms affecting birds).
83
What are the arguments for nuclear energy in the UK?
It produces large amounts of energy with low emissions and provides reliable baseload power.
84
What are the disadvantages of nuclear energy in the UK?
Expensive to build and decommission, produces radioactive waste, and risk of accidents.
85
What are sustainable energy strategies in the UK?
Investing in renewables, improving energy efficiency, promoting electric vehicles, and upgrading insulation in homes.
86
Give a UK case study example of renewable energy.
Thanet Wind Farm – one of the largest offshore wind farms in the UK.
87
Name a UK initiative promoting local and sustainable food.
Bristol’s “Food Connections” festival promoting local and seasonal produce.
88
Name 3 everyday products that use vast amounts of water to produce
Cars
Jeans
1kg of beef
89
What 3 countries have very high levels of water stress
India
Saudi Arabia
Iran
90
What are the 3 types of water usage
Domestic (home)
Industrial (manufacture)
Agricultural (farming)
91
Q: What are 3 global impacts of population growth on water resources?
1. Increased demand for freshwater.
2. Greater water stress and scarcity.
3. More pollution and overuse of rivers and aquifers.
92
What are the impacts to water insecurity
1. Spread of disease due to unsafe water.
2. Reduced crop production and food shortages.
3. Risk of conflict over shared water sources.
93
What are some strategies to increase water supply’s around the world
1. Desalination
2. Dams and reservoirs
3. Rainwater harvesting
94
What arte some ways that people can descrease the amount of water that they use
Instal water metres in the house
Cut water use by farmers
Education
95
How can companies increase the amount of water that they supply (and state the disadvantages)
Build new reservoirs - cost, disrupting local and environment
Extract more water from natural supplies - damaging, to river ecosystems too
Recycle water - waste water goes into rivers and oceans
96
How much water do companies supply the uk with every day
17 billion litres
97
What is the annual rainfall in general for the uk, and where is it lower
1000mm - general
Less than 1000 - high pop densities
98
Where is fresh water found
Lakes (most is locked up in ice caps and glaciers)
99
Where is salt water found
Oceans
This needs to be desalinated
100
What is the percentage of water on earth, how much is salt water
70% of the earth is water
97% is salt water
3% is actually drinkable
101
What % of the UKs water supply is wasted due to leaky pipes
21%
102
What’s the largest reservoir in the uk and how much water can it hold
Kielder water
200 billion gallons
103
Definition of places that receive more water than they lose
Water surplus
104
Definition of places that receive less water than they lose
Water deficit
105
Definition of places that don’t have enough water to meet needs (supply runs bellow 1000cmcubed per person)
Water stress
106
Why is the global supply of water unevenly distributed
Due to differences in climate, geology, population pressure, level of development, and water pollution.
107
What’s is the percentage of water consumption in japa (agriculture, industry, domestic)
Agriculture - 64%
Domestic - 19%
Industry - 17%
108
109
What’s is the percentage of water consumption in Afganistán (agriculture, industry, domestic)
Agriculture - 98%
Inudustry - 1%
Domestic - 1%
110
Why is there differences in water consumption uses between developed and emerging countries
Developed countries use more water domestically and industrially because of:
• Better access to piped water and appliances (e.g. washing machines, showers).
• Large-scale industries needing water for cooling, processing, and energy.
Emerging and developing countries use more water for agriculture because:
• A larger share of the population works in farming.
• Irrigation methods are often inefficient (e.g. flood irrigation).
• Industrial and domestic infrastructure is less developed.
111
Why does water resources need to be managed
• Rising demand from population growth and agriculture increases pressure on water supplies.
• Climate change causes droughts and floods, making water availability less reliable.
• Pollution from industry and sewage can contaminate freshwater sources.
• Uneven distribution means some areas have too much water while others have too little.
112
Why has water availability decreased in the last 50 years
• Population growth has increased demand for water in homes, farming, and industry.
• Climate change has caused more droughts and unreliable rainfall.
• Pollution from sewage and industry has made some freshwater sources unusable.
• Over-abstraction from rivers and aquifers has reduced natural water supplies
