Paper 2 (human) Global Developement

Question 1

What is a Bottom-Up Project?

Answer 1

A small scheme that is planned and controlled by NGOs/Charities with local communities to help the local area and people in need.

Question 2

What does corruption in governments mean?

Answer 2

It means that they are dishonest or steal money (usually from aid or originally for the people) to maintain power and increase financial gain.

Question 3

What is Economic Inequality?

Answer 3

The difference in wealth between the richest 10% of a country’s population and the poorest 10%.

Question 4

What is Foreign Policy?

Answer 4

A country’s policies and government agreements regarding other countries, which can control tourism, business investment, and aid.

Question 5

What does GDP stand for?

Answer 5

Gross Domestic Product, which is the value of all produce and spending within a country.

Question 6

What is GDP per capita?

Answer 6

The value of all produce and spending within a country, divided by the population.

Question 7

What is Governance?

Answer 7

The management of a place or group of people.

Question 8

What is the Human Development Index?

Answer 8

A measure of several indicators including life expectancy, inequality, and education.

Question 9

What is an Indicator?

Answer 9

A way of measuring development, which focuses on social, economic, or environmental aspects.

Question 10

What is the Infant Mortality Rate?

Answer 10

The fraction of children under 5 years old that die compared to the total number of births.

Question 11

What is Informal Work?

Answer 11

Self-employed or temporary work, which provides a small wage and limited benefits/insurance.

Question 12

What is Life Expectancy?

Answer 12

The average number of years an individual is likely to live, determined at birth.

Question 13

What is the Literacy Rate?

Answer 13

The percentage of the population that can read and write.

Question 14

What is a Lower Income Country (LIC)?

Answer 14

A country of low wealth and a limited level of development.

Question 15

What is a Middle Income Country (MIC)?

Answer 15

A country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development.

Question 16

What is a Military Pact?

Answer 16

An agreement between countries to help defend their countries and provide military assistance when needed.

Question 17

What is a Non-Government Organisation (NGO)?

Answer 17

A company or organisation that operates separate from the government and does not aim to make a profit (e.g. charities, universities).

Question 18

What are Pollution Levels?

Answer 18

The volume of pollution in the air or water.

Question 19

What is the Poverty Line?

Answer 19

The minimum amount of income a person needs to live adequately.

Question 20

What is Primary Industry?

Answer 20

Employment and businesses that produce raw materials, such as farming, mining, and fishing.

Question 21

What is Quality of Life?

Answer 21

The standard of living of a person or a community. Many factors can affect this including health, comfort, and access to services.

Question 22

What is Quaternary Industry?

Answer 22

Employment and businesses in finance, technology, or research.

Question 23

What are Respiratory Conditions?

Answer 23

Illnesses that affect your breathing, for example asthma or lung disease.

Question 24

What is Rostow’s Modernisation Theory?

Answer 24

The development of a country takes five stages of growth: Traditional Society, Pre-Conditions for Take Off, Take Off, Drive to Maturity, Mass Consumption.

Question 25

What is Secondary Industry?

Answer 25

Employment and businesses that manufacture or process raw materials into goods, for example weaving cotton into fabric.

Question 26

What is Social Inequality?

Answer 26

The difference in quality of life between groups in society such as incomes, age, gender, ethnicity, and disabilities.

Question 27

What are Squatter Settlements?

Answer 27

Clusters of temporary housing which migrants or low income families live in, often built on unfavourable land.

Question 28

What is a Territorial Dispute?

Answer 28

Disagreements between countries over who owns and governs an area of land.

Question 29

What is Tertiary Industry?

Answer 29

Employment and businesses that provide services to the public. For example, teaching, nursing, retail.

Question 30

What is a Transnational Company (TNC)?

Answer 30

A business that operates in more than one country.

Question 31

What is a Top-Down Project?

Answer 31

A large-scale scheme to improve development, organised by the government or a large TNC. The benefits of the scheme should trickle down to poorer families in the community.

Question 32

What is Topography?

Answer 32

The shape and relief of the land ie. mountainous, low-lying, flat, etc.

Question 33

What can global development be measured in

Answer 33

Environmental indicators: Pollution levels Area of green space Economic indicators: GDP and GDP per capita (wealth and mean wealth throughout the population) Poverty line (number of people earning less than £1.09) Economic inequality (difference between the richest and the poorest Social indicators: Life expectancy Literacy rate Infant mortality rate

Question 34

What are the factors contributing to developement

Answer 34

Economic Social Environmental Political Technological

Question 35

What is the human development index

Answer 35

Measures a mixture of factors, ranking each country between 0 - 1 1 being the most developed country Takes into account (income, life expectancy, literacy rates)

Question 36

What are the top two countries on the HDI

Answer 36

Switzerland and Norway

Question 37

What are the bottom 2 countries on the HDI

Answer 37

Niger and Central African Republic

Question 38

What is inequality

Answer 38

The gap in income and wealth between the wealthiest and the poorest members of society

Question 39

What was the 5v stages of Rostow’s modernisation theory

Answer 39

🌍 The 5 Stages: 1. Traditional Society • Farming and subsistence living. • Little technology or trade. 2. Preconditions for Take-Off • Small improvements (e.g. transport, farming). • Some trade and investment starts. 3. Take-Off • Rapid industrial growth (factories, jobs). • Cities grow and economy starts to expand. 4. Drive to Maturity • Technology spreads, economy diversifies. • More skilled workers and better services. 5. Age of High Mass Consumption • People have money to buy luxury goods. • Services (like healthcare, education) improve.

Question 40

What are the criticisms of Rostow’s theory

Answer 40

• Assumes all countries follow the same path. • Ignores history (e.g. colonisation) and global inequality. • Doesn’t account for environmental limits or conflict.

Question 41

What is the Brandt line and what does it show

Answer 41

It’s a line that divides the world into developed and developing countries Shows that in general, the northern hemisphere is more developed than the southern (save for Australia)

Question 42

What are social causes of inequality

Answer 42

• Historically disadvantaged groups – Certain ethnic, racial, or social groups have faced long-term discrimination, limiting their access to jobs, land, or political power. • Health inequality – Poorer communities often experience worse health due to limited access to healthcare, poor living conditions, and unhealthy lifestyles. • Unequal access to education – Low-income families may struggle to afford school supplies or live in areas with underfunded schools, reducing future employment opportunities.

Question 43

What is franks dependency model and what does it show

Answer 43

Frank argued that poor countries (the periphery) stay poor because they are dependent on rich countries (the core). Resources like raw materials and cheap labour flow from the periphery to the core, while profits stay with the rich. This dependency began with colonialism and continues today through unfair trade, debt, and exploitation by TNCs. The model shows that global inequality is maintained by a world system that keeps poor countries underdeveloped to benefit rich ones.

Question 44

What is colonialism

Answer 44

Is the direct control over another country for money, power or resources

Question 45

What is neo-colonialism

Answer 45

It’s when a country is influenced and controlled directly. This can lead to exploitation

Question 46

Name 2 influential countries and how they exploit

Answer 46

China - takes control over African fishing ports, leading to overfishing and damage to the African reefs UK - overseas manufacturers which means paying less for goods and exploiting the labour of people

Question 47

What are 2 environmental causes of inequality

Answer 47

🔹 Climate: • Harsh climates (e.g. drought, extreme heat, flooding) reduce agricultural productivity, harming food security and income. • Frequent natural disasters (e.g. hurricanes, droughts) destroy infrastructure and increase the cost of development. • Poor climate conditions can worsen health outcomes, reducing the ability to work or attend school. 🔹 Topography (landscape): • Mountainous or rugged terrain makes it hard to build infrastructure (roads, schools, hospitals), isolating communities. • Limits farming and transport, making trade and development more difficult. • Remote or landlocked areas may struggle to access global markets, reducing investment and economic growth.

Question 48

State and explain 2 political causes of inequality

Answer 48

🔹 International Relations: • Unfair trade deals often favour richer countries, keeping poorer countries dependent and underdeveloped. • Debt repayments to richer nations or global banks limit how much poor countries can spend on education, health, and infrastructure. • Political isolation or conflict can lead to sanctions or reduced aid/investment, holding back development. 🔹 Governance: • Corruption means money meant for services (e.g. healthcare, schools) is stolen or misused. • Weak or unstable governments may struggle to provide basic services or attract foreign investment. • Poor leadership can lead to bad policies, inequality within the country, and limited economic growth.

Question 49

State 3 countries with corrupt governments (communist)

Answer 49

Russia, china and North Korea

Question 50

What are 3 international strategies that work to reduce uneven development

Answer 50

1. UNICEF’s AEG (Accelerated Education Programme): Helps children in conflict-affected or poor regions catch up on missed schooling. ✅ Improves education access and future job prospects, reducing long-term inequality. 2. IBS (International Baccalaureate Schools): Provides a global-standard curriculum in developing countries. ✅ Boosts education quality, encourages critical thinking, and creates skilled workers who can help grow local economies. 3. IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) – WHO & UNICEF: Delivers essential healthcare to reduce child deaths from preventable diseases. ✅ Improves health outcomes, so children can grow, learn, and contribute to development.

Question 51

What are the advantages and disadvantages of top down strategies

Answer 51

Advantages: • Big impact: Can provide major infrastructure (e.g. dams, roads). • Funded by governments or global organisations – more resources. • Can boost national economy quickly. Disadvantages: • Expensive and may increase debt. • Local people often have little say – may not meet community needs. • Can lead to displacement or environmental damage.

Question 52

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bottom up strategies

Answer 52

Advantages: • Community involvement – tailored to local needs. • More sustainable – uses local knowledge and materials. • Cheaper and easier to manage long-term. Disadvantages: • Small scale – impact is more limited. • May lack funding or technical expertise. • Doesn’t always address national-level issues.

Question 53

What are the 6 factors affecting development

Answer 53

Economic Social Enviro Technological Cultural Food security Water security

Question 54

What are the consequences to uneven development

Answer 54

1. Wealth Inequality • Huge gap between rich and poor countries and between people within countries. • A small percentage control most of the wealth. 2. Health Inequality • Poorer countries have less access to clean water, medicine, and healthcare. • Higher rates of disease, infant mortality, and lower life expectancy. 3. Education Gaps • Fewer schools and resources in low-income areas or countries. • Limits job opportunities and traps people in poverty. 4. Migration • People move from poorer to richer areas in search of jobs and better living conditions. • Can cause brain drain in poorer countries. 5. Political Instability & Conflict • Poverty and inequality can lead to unrest, corruption, or civil war. • Weak governments struggle to provide services. 6. Environmental Pressure • Poorer countries may overuse natural resources to survive (e.g. deforestation, overfarming), causing long-term damage.