Parenteral Products

Question 1

SWFI is

Answer 1

-safe
-sterile
-particle free
-pyrogen free

Question 2

NEVER

Answer 2

inject water into blood stream

Question 3

Parenteral routes of administration

Answer 3

-intravenous (IV)
-intramuscular (IM)
-subcutaneous (SC)
-intradermal
-intraperitoneal (IP)
-intraspinal

Question 4

Intravenous (IV)

Answer 4

-very rapid
-straight to blood
-good for irritant drugs
-suitable for large volumes
-least forgiving
-drug must be dissolved

Question 5

Parenteral product solutions

Answer 5

-right potency
-right label
-sterile
-particle free
-pyrogen free
-isotonic
-physiological pH

Question 6

Intra-spinal injection solutions

Answer 6

-right potency
-right label
-sterile
-particle free
-pyrogen free
-isotonic
-physiological pH
-no preservatives

Question 7

Common aqueous isotonic vehicles

Answer 7

-0.9% NaCl solution (saline)
-5% dextrose solution (D5W)
-bacteriostatic NaCl injection (antimicrobial saline)
-ringers solution (saline with K and Ca in physiological concentrations)

Question 8

components of parenteral products

Answer 8

-vehicles
-antimicrobial preservatives
-pH buffers
-antioxidants
-chelating agents
-tonicity agents

Question 9

Vehicles

Answer 9

-water mischible solvents (cosolvents)
-solubize drugs
-can slow hydrolysis
-often IM injection but also IV

Question 10

Water miscible solvents (cosolvents)

Answer 10

-ethyl alcohol
-polyethylene glycol (PEG)
-propylene glycol (PG)

Question 11

PEG

Answer 11

-can be used IV up to 40%

Question 12

ethyl alcohol

Answer 12

-can be used IV only upto 10%

Question 13

Straight oil injection

Answer 13

-NO
-embolus

Question 14

Oil emulsion

Answer 14

-ok for IV
-oil droplets smaller than RBC
-no risk of embulism

Question 15

oil solution route of admin

Answer 15

-some ok for IM
-must NOT be injected IV

Question 16

Antimicrobial preservatives

Answer 16

-used for multiple dose preparations
-benzyl alcohol 0.9% (most common)
-parabens
-cresol

Question 17

Antimicrobial problems

Answer 17

-not effective in oil formulations
-inactivated by polysorbate (micelles) and PVP (complex)

Question 18

Benzyl alcohol 0.9%

Answer 18

-most common antimicrobial
-some ppl are allergic
-do NOT use in neonates = gasping syndrome

Question 19

pH buffers

Answer 19

-enhance solubility/stability
-use at low concentrations

Question 20

Common buffers

Answer 20

-citrates (safe by IV, irritating by IM or SC)
-acetates
-phosphates (potentially fatal)

Question 21

Citrate injection

Answer 21

-IV ok
-irritating by IM or SC

Question 22

Phosphate and Calcium

Answer 22

-can precipitate
=death
-must be used in PN preparatinos

Question 23

Antioxidants

Answer 23

-metabisulfite salts (low pH)
-bisulfite (intermediate pH)
-sulfite (high pH)
-ascorbic acid

Question 24

chelating agents

Answer 24

-sodium EDTA (most common)
-enhance antioxidant effect
-sequester trace metals