Lecture 5: Sterile Liquid Formulations

Question 1

Isotonicity

Answer 1

-maintaining and possessing a uniform tension or tone of cell membrane/tissues

Question 2

over time, concentrations tend to

Answer 2

equilize

Question 3

Equilibrium can happen in 2 ways:

Answer 3

1. diffusion
2. osmosis

Question 4

Diffusion

Answer 4

-permeable membrane
-solute moves from high to low

Question 5

Osmosis

Answer 5

-SEMIpermeable membrane
-water moves high to low
-membrane does not allow solute to move so it brings in water to dillute it
-concentration is equal but volume changes

Question 6

Parenteral vehicles have the ability to

Answer 6

-shrink
-burst open blood and venous epithelial cells

Question 7

Cell membranes are

Answer 7

semipermeable

Question 8

semipermeable

Answer 8

-somethings can or cant cross
-viable cell

Question 9

Impermeable membrane

Answer 9

-cell starves

Question 10

permeable membrane

Answer 10

-cell dies as empty shell

Question 11

RBCs

Answer 11

-semipermeable
-only water can move in/out via osmosis
-has no capacity to expand = bursts

Question 12

Hypotonic vehicles

Answer 12

-doesnt have to be water
-can be anything relatively dilute

Question 13

Osmometer

Answer 13

-measures osmolarity and osmolality of preparations
-uses colligative properties

Question 14

Colligative properties

Answer 14

-properties of solutions that depend on quantity of molecular paricles in solution rather than the chemical nature of the dissolved materials

Question 15

Measurable Colligative properties

Answer 15

-freezing point depression
-lowerning of vapor pressure
-OSMOTIC pressure!
-elevation of boiling point

Question 16

Any solute dissolved has the same effect as something else

Answer 16

-penicillin = sodium
-chemical property doesnt matter
-what matters is how it effects concnentration

Question 17

Osmolarity and osmolality are determined by

Answer 17

-total concentration of solutes dissolved
-including the drug

Question 18

Molarity vs Osmolarity

Question 19

Molarity eq

Answer 19

mols solute/L of solution

Question 20

Osmolarity eq

Answer 20

Osmoles solute/L of solution

a/a+b

= Molarity * (m-particles/1molecule)

Question 21

1 molecule of NaCl yields

Answer 21

-2 ions
-2 m-particles
-2 osmols

Question 22

1 molecule dextros yields

Answer 22

-1 molecule
-1 particle
-1 osmole

Question 23

Salt particles

Answer 23

-dissociate in solution
-inc # of particles
-NaCl = Na + Cl

Question 24

Molality

Answer 24

amt of solute/amt of SOLVENT

Question 25

Osmolality

Answer 25

osmoles of solute/ kg of SOLVENT a/b

Question 26

When are osmolarity and osmolality similar?

Answer 26

-LOW concentrations -DO NOT USE INTERCHANGEABLY in high concentrations

Question 27

70% concentration dextrose ???

Question 28

Iso-osmotic vs isotonic

Answer 28

iso means equal -equal to BLOOD SERUM -osmolarity is a number (concentration) -tonicity looks at EFFECT (concentration of good stuuf or bad stuff)

Question 29

Serum osmolality range

Answer 29

275-310 mOsmol/kg

Question 30

Tonicity

Answer 30

-refers to EFFECT on cells -sulfuric acid and NS can have same osmolarity but sulfuric acid is NOT isotonic bc it will kill cell

Question 31

If a solution is isoTONIC it must be

Answer 31

isoOSMOTIC

Question 32

mix iso-osmotic solutions yields

Answer 32

iso-osmotic mixed solution -recall colligative properties

Question 33

mix isotonic solutions yields

Answer 33

-isotonic mixed solution -all non-damaging

Question 34

Normal saline and D5W

Answer 34

-isotonic -NOT always interchangable -wont damage cell but might damage drug -always check monograph

Question 35

compatibility

Answer 35

-separate issue that must be checked every time

Question 36

using an iso-OSMOTIC solution to dissolve large amt of drug results in

Answer 36

=hyperosmotic solution -presence of drug adds to total osmolarity

Question 37

HYPOosmotic solution can

Answer 37

-BURST cells -hemolysis

Question 38

HYPERosmotic solution

Answer 38

-SHRINKS cells -lesser of two evils -better to be HYPER if it cannot be ISO