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Anatomy Year 1 > Part 1 : respiratory book > Flashcards

Part 1 : respiratory book Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

List structures which can be found in the anterior mediastinum

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes

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2
Q

List structures found in the middle mediastinum

A

The heart and Pericardium
Roots of aorta (ascending aorta)
Phrenic nerves
Pulmonary trunk

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3
Q

List structures found in posterior mediastinum

A

Descending aorta
Azygous veins
hemiazygos veins
Esophagus
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic trunk

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4
Q

Strutures in superior mediastinum

A

Esophagus
Aortic arch
Trachea
Throacic duct
Superior vena cava
Vagus and phrenic nerve

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5
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is between?

where?

type of joint?

A

clavicle and manubrium of sternum

clavicular notch

synovial saddle

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6
Q

1st Sternocostal joint

type?

what part of sternum?

A

Primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis)
hyaline cartilage - litte movement
1st rib and (manubrium)

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7
Q

Sternomanubrial joint

where?
at what vetebral level?
at what rib level?
type of joint?

A
  • betweem manubrium and sternal body
  • at the level of sternal angle/2nd costal cartilage anteriorly
  • at the level between T4-T5 posteriorly
  • secondary cartilaginous joint (symphsis) - fibrocartilage (hyaline cartilage - with a compressible pad of fibrocartilage inbetween)
  • slightly movable.
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8
Q

What type of joints are sternocostal joints 2-7

A

2-7

synovial plane joints

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9
Q

at what vertebrae level is the jugular (suprasternal notch)

A

T2/T3

T1 is just above the notch

” the visible dip between clavicles/at the bottom of the neck”

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10
Q

at what level does trachea bifurcate

A

It lies slightly to the right of the midline

at the level of the fourth or fifth thoracic vertebra posteriorly and (T4-T5)

sternomanubrial junction anteriorly (sternal angle)

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11
Q

name the two type of “notches” on manubrium

A

jugular notch - 1 of - T2/T3

clavicular notch - depression for sternoclavicular joint

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12
Q

True ribs

False ribs

Floating ribs

A

True ribs = 1-7 - attach directly to the sternum via their costal cartilage

False ribs = 8-10 - attach to costal cartilage of 7th rib/attached to sternum indirectly

Floating ribs = 11/12 - have no anterior attachment

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13
Q

what type of joints are the costochondral joints

A

primary cartilaginous joints

syndrondrosis

(joined by hyaline cartilage)

sternal ends of ribs to their respective costal cartilages

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14
Q

What is the name given to the median notch formed by the superior border of the manubrium?

A

Suprasternal / jugular

notch

at level of T2/T3

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15
Q

Joint at the inferior angle of the manubrium

A

sternomanubrial joint/manubriosternal

manubrium and sternal body

level of sternal angle - 2nd costal cartilage/sternocostal joint

between intervertebral disc of T4-T5

where the trachea bifurates

secondary cartilaginous - symphysis (hyaline and fibrocartilage)

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16
Q

Xiphisternal joint

A

between sternal body and xiphoid process

primary cartilaginous - synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

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17
Q

Xiphoid process (Xiphisternum) is at what vertebrae level

A

T9

T10 is just underneath

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18
Q

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process usually located

A

T9*

just underneath the tip is T10

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19
Q

At what vertebrae level is the sternomanubrial joint located

A

between T4-T5

at the sternal angle (2nd rib - sternocostal joint)

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20
Q

Where does the 2nd rib articulate with the sternum?

A

sternal angle - sternomanubrial joint

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21
Q

typical and atypical ribs

A

typical (3-9)

atypical 1/2 and 10-12

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22
Q

what type of joint is epiphyseal plate

A

A synchondrosis, or primary cartilaginous joint, only involves hyaline cartilage and can be temporary or permanent.

A temporary synchondrosis is an epiphyseal plate (growth plate), and it functions to permit bone lengthening during development.

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23
Q

A temporary synchondrosis

A

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

and it functions to permit bone lengthening during development.

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24
Q

examples of secondary catilaginous joints

A
  • fibrocartilage/hyaline
  • slightly movable
  • midline of the body ; pubis symphysis, intervertebral discs, sternomanubrial joint
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25
why is th sternal angle important clinically
used to locate positions from which to auscultate the heart and define the pleural and lung boundaries - marks T4/T5 - 2nd rib (can be palpated) as first one is covered by clavicle
26
the sternoclavicular joint
between clavicle and manubrium at clavicular notch synovial saddle joint
27
1st sternocostal joint
primary cartilaginous synchondrosis not movable between 1st rib and sternum- manubrium
28
sternomanubrial joint
level of sternal angle intervertebral disc between T4-T5 bifurcation of trachea -> carina 2nd sternocostal joint - (2nd costal cartilage attaches) secondary cartilaginous!!! (symphysis) - fibrocartilage/hyaine (with compressible pad of fibrocartilage) slightly movable * always found in midline of body
29
how many facets are on the manubrium
5 articulations 2 (clavicular notch) - sternoclavicular joint - synovial saddle Sternomanubrial joint (secondary cartilaginous) 2x 1st sternocostal joints (primary cartilaginous)
30
vetebral level of the jugular notch
T2-T3
31
true ribs
1-7 attach to sternum via costal cartilage (sternocostal joints) 1st primary cartilaginous joint 2-7 synovial plane joints | vetebrosternal
32
false ribs
8-10 indirectly articulate with the sternum, as their costal cartilages connect with the seventh costal cartilage; by the costochondral joint | vertebrochondral - synovial plane
33
floating ribs
11-12 have no anterior attachment | vertebral
34
costochondral joints
primary cartilaginous synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage attach the sternal ends of the ribs to their respective costal cartilages:
35
Xiphisternal joint
primary cartilaginous – synchondrosis T9-T10
36
Facets for 2nd costal cartilage. With which parts (manubrium/ body/ xiphisternum) of the sternum do these articulate?
The second rib has two articular facets (demi-facets)****-> attaches at the sternal angle (where the manubrium is joined by the body of the sternum)
37
COSTOCHONDRAL JOINTS?
between rib and its costal cartilage primary cartilaginous joints (synchondrosis) in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.
38
temporary cartilaginous joint
Epiphyseal growth plate (between epiphysis and diaphysis) - temporary primary cartilaginous joint
39
* pubis symphysis, * intervertebral discs * Sternomanubrial joint are what types of joints
Secondary cartilaginous - symphysis Hyaline cartilage but in-between is fibrocartilage (2 types of cartilage)
40
why is the sternal angle an important landmark?
used to locate positions from which to auscultate the heart and define the pleural and lung boundaries
41
features of a typical rib 3-9
- head (crest with two articular facets -> demi-fact of same vertebrae bosy level + level above) - neck - tubercle (with articular facet - > transverse process) - Angle - Costal groove (intercostal VAN)
42
what vetebrae does rib 5 attach to
superior articular demi facet of 5th veterbal body inferior articular demi facet of 4th vetebral body tranverse processes of 5th vetebrae -> tubercle
43
atypical ribs
1-2 10-12
44
features of rib 1
atypical short/wide/flat articular facet of head - (T1) only / transverse process/turbcle scalene tubercle** - anterior scalene muscle of neck from posterior to anterior: - groove for subclavian vein - tubercle for anterior scalene muscle of the neck - groove for subclavian artery - medial scalene attachment -
45
the region where the rib is most strongly bent- proximal part of body
angle
46
What part of a vertebra articulates with the rib tubercle?
the transverse process
47
In approximately 0.5% of the population, an additional, cervical rib develops, usually from the transverse process of ?
C7 extra cervical rib can develop from the transverse process of This can result in compression of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus, parasthaesia of the medial side of the upper limb, and wasting of the small muscles of the hand.
48
Brachial plexus nerve roots
C5- T1 remember the brachial plexus is formed by five anterior rami that originate from the spinal nerves C5-T1 (these are known as the roots of the brachial plexus). * transmitting signals responsible for *motor and sensory* innervation of the upper extremities, including the shoulder, arm, and hand.
49
costovetebral joints
synovial plane joints - typical ribs The posterior end of the rib (Head/crest)- superior/inferior articular demi-facet
50
COSTOTRANSVERSE JOINTS
synovial plane transverse process - tubercle of rib
51
a signle typical rib articulates with two vertebral bodies and one transverse processs a. true b. false
true - these are 1. the vertebral body of the same number as the rib (superior demi-fact) 2. the vertebral body immediately above (inferior demi-facet) 3. the vertebral transverse process of the same number as the rib
52
intervertebral disc
central - nucleus pulposus (gel like substance) outer- layers of - anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) joints between vertebral bodies - > secondary cartilaginous/symphysis
53
most common chest injuries
fracture of ribs 5-10 relatively more exposed and fixed. The ends of a fractured rib may then perforate the pleura resulting in a pneumothorax. It is accompanied by severe localised pain mediated through the intercostal nerves located above and below and concomitant dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing).
54
intervertebral foramen is a large, lateral opeing formed by the notches of two articulating vertebrae. what passes through?
A spinal nerve and its nerve roots pass through each intervertebral foramen (neural foramen or lateral foramen). (spinal cord passes through the vertebral foramen)
55
where does larynx become continuous with trachea? what vertebral level?
C6 Larynx : cartilage, membrane, ligaments
56
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
1/ nasal cavity 2/ nasopharynx 3/ orophraynx
57
what do the bronchial arteries branch off?
thoracic aorta
58
where do the bronchial veins drain into?
azygos venous system
59
a.
Right subclavian artery - supplies internal thoracic artery -> which gives off anterior intercostal artery
60
b
decending thoracic aorta gives rise to posterior intercostal arteries
61
c
Left internal thoracic gives of anterior intercostal arteries -
62
e
right anterior intercostal artery anastomoses with posterior intercostal arteries
63
d
posterior intercostal artery runs in costal groove, anastamoses with anterior intercostal arteries
64
Which arteries supply blood to the thoracic wall
The anterior and posterior intercostal arteries are the main blood supply to the thoracic wall
65
a and b
a. right b. left brachiochephalic vein
66
c, and d
c, accessory azygos vein d. azygos vein (branches into posterior intercostal veins)
67
e and f
e. - anterior intercostal vein (branches off internal thoracic vein) f. hemiazygous vein
68
when does the trachea start? and bifuracate
C6 - T4/5
69
a and b
a. trachea b. oesophagus
70
c.
right brachiocephalic vein (divides into internal jugular vein and subclavian vein) also has branch for internal thoracic vein
71
d
brachiocephalic trunk (divides into right common carotid and subclavian)
72
e
Arotic arach - T4 **
73
f
superior VC
74
g and h
g. left common carotid artery h left subclavian artery
75
at what vertebral level is the aortic arch
T4
76
how many rings comprise the trachea?
22 , C shaped, strong but flexible -> support the trachea but also allow it to move and flex
77
 Name the muscle that completes the tracheal ring posteriorly?
The Trachealis muscles
78
 The keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea is called?
carina
79
 The tubular organ lying immediately posterior to the trachea is the?
Oesophagus
80
 Lying immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck are
The common carotid arteries
81
 The nerve lying immediately lateral to the trachea on both sides is the
Vagus nerve
82
 The grooves lying between the trachea and the oesophagus left and right are ?
trachea-oesophageal grooves –> loading the recurrent laryngeal nerves (branches of vagus nerve) that supply motor and sensory innervation to the larynx
83
a, b, c, d,
a. RIGHT vagus nerve b. right vagus nerve c. left recurrent laryngeal nerve (wraps around underside of aortic arch) d. RIGHT common carotid - carotid arteries either side of trachea ** aortic arch T4 - bifurcation of aorta
84
a , b.
a. Eparterial bronchus (superior) b. Hyparterial bronchus (inferior) the right bronchus branches before entering the lung -> 2 primary, 3 secondary
85
which lymph nodes lie in the cleft between the two main bronchi
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES (drain lymph from trachea, bronchi and the lungs) -> tracheobronchial lymph nodes -> thoracic duct or right lympathtic duct
86
what lymh nodes lie at the hilum of lungs?
bronchomediastinal
87
2
SUPERIOR LOBE | RIGHT LUNG
88
3
middle lobe
89
4
inferior lobe | right lung
90
5
oblique fissure | RL
91
6
transvere/horizontal fissue
92
7
bronchus | RL
93
8
pulmonary artery | RL
94
9
pulmonary veins | RL
95
11
diaphragmatic surface | RL
96
14
hilum | RL
97
?
left bronchus
98
right pulmonary artery
99
?
left pulmonary artery
100
?
right bronchi
101
right pulmonary veins
102
branches of left pulmonary veins

Anatomy Year 1 (25 decks)

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