Workbook 2 : bones and joints Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of bone?
A
- Support
- Protection (e.g. skull, vertebre, spinal cord)
- Storage - Minerals (e.g. calcium, phosphorus)
- Production- Blood cell formation - red marrow of spongey bone
2
Q
Name, Type of bone
A
- Sternum - Flat bone
- Your sternum, along with your ribs, works to protect the organs of your torso; heart, lungs, and chest blood vessels. Support.
- Provides a connection point for other parts of your skeletal system, including your collarbone and most of your ribs.
3
Q
What type of bone are the Ribs classified as ?
A
- **Flat bone **
- Protection : The rib cage protects the organs in the thoracic cavity, assists in respiration, and provides support for the upper extremities
24 in 12 pairs
4
Q
Name bones and Type of bones?
A
**Flat bones **
- Frontal bone (1)
- Nasal (2)
5
Q
What type of bone/name?
A
- Flat bone
- Lacrimal bone (2) one either side
6
Q
Nasal bone (2) is an example of what kind of bone?
A
Flat bone
7
Q
The Vomer is an example of what type of bone?
A
Flat bone
8
Q
Which skull bones are flat bones?
A
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
(Temporal bones are irregular)
9
Q
Name bone , type, function
A
- Scapula
- Flat bone
- The scapula is an important bone in the function of the shoulder joint. It engages in 6 types of motion; protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, and downward rotation
10
Q
Name the bone/type
A
Squamous suture
11
Q
Name the bone/type?
A
Sagittal suture
12
Q
Name the bone/type
A
Coronal/suture
13
Q
Name the bone/type
A
Lamddoid suture
14
Q
What type of bones are carpals?
A
Short bones
15
Q
Name and type of bone?
A
Humerous - Long bone
16
Q
Name and type of bone?
A
Radius
Long bone
17
Q
Name/type
A
Ulna
Long bone
18
Q
Name/type
A
Metacarpals
Long bones
19
Q
Bone/type
A
Phalanges
Long bone
20
Q
Name/type
A
Femur
Long bone
21
Q
Name/Type
A
Tibia
Long bone
22
Q
Name/type
A
Fibula
Long bone
23
Q
Name/type
A
metatarsals
long bones
24
Q
Phalanges are an example of what type of bone?
A
Long bone
25
Name/Type
Patella
Seasamoid bone
26
Name/Type
Pisaform
Seasamoid
27
Name?
Seasmoid bones - foot
28
Name, Type, How many?
Cervical vertebra (7)
Irregular bone
29
Name/type
Atla (C1) - cervical vetebra 1
irregular bone
-
30
Name/Number/Type
Thoracic vetebra - (12)
Irregular bones
31
Name?
Lumbar (5)
32
Name?
**Sacrum
- irregular bone**
-strengthens and stabilizes the pelvis
-*five fused vertebrae* configured as an inverted triangular bone that is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly
33
Name
- Coccyx
- Irregular bone
- 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae.
34
what type of bone is a hyoid (1) bone?
irregular
(important in speech and swalloing)
35
Name/type
Temporal bone (2)
irregular
36
Name/type
zygomatic (2)
irregular
37
Name/type
Maxilla (2)
Irregular
38
Name/Type
mandible (1)
irregular
39
Name the membrane covering the outer side of bones?
Periosteum
40
Name the membrane covering the inside of bones?
Endosteum
41
Where is red bone marrow is found in the long bone
a) medullar cavity
b) compact bone
c) spongey bone
spongy bone
42
What are the circular structures compact bone is organised in called?
Osteons/Haversian systems
43
Name some differences between Cortical bone and Spongy bone
1. Density (Spongy bone is less dense, Cortical bone is dense)
2. Cortical bone forms protective layer around internal cavity- 90% of skeletal mass- weight bearing/resistence to tension vs
2. Spongy bone contains red bone marrow (pink colour)
3. There is no haversion systems in Spongy bone
4. Spongey bone is made up of trabecules shaped as plates or roads vs Cortical made up of Osteons
44
What are the 3 types of cells found in bone?
1. Osteoblast
2. Osteoclasts
3. Osteocytes
45
Why is bone stiff but not brittle?
The bone is stiff because minerals (Hydroxyapatite) provide support and high strength under compression/heavy weight
Collagen fibres give the bone flexibility and strenght under tension.
46
What is in the extracellular matrix of cartilage
1. Minerals (mineral crystals)- Hydroxyapetite (45%)
2. Collagens (35% type 1)
3. Water (20%)
47
Red bone marrow forms all of the blood cells except for?
Lymphocytes.
Which are produced in the marrow but reach mature form in the lymphoid organs
48
What is stored primarily in yellow bone marrow?
fats
49
Yellow bone marrow can be converted to red bone marow under certain conditions such as severe blood loss or fever
a) true
b) false
True
50
Osteons are also called?
Haversian systems
51
What is the chief structural unit of compact/cortical bones
Osteons/Haversian systems
52
The concentric bone layers of Osteons are called?
Laemelle
53
What are the horizontal canals called within Osteon/Haversian systems
Volkmans canals
54
The individual bone cells are called?
Osteocytes
| (require blood supply from blood vessels which surround canals)
55
What are the two priniciple components of bone
1. Collagen
2. Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) - mineral crystals
56
one strength and one weakness of mineral crystals in bone
Strenght : allow compressiveness/strength
Weakness: tensile strenght
57
What are osteblasts responsible for?
-New bone tissue formation
- Produce Osteiod (perdominatly collagen)- organ component of blood (main organic component)
- Minerals start to crytalise around the collagen to form hyroxy-appetite (major inorganic component) which contains calcuim phosphate
58
What are osteoclasts responsible for?
- Breaks down and **reaborbs (resorption) of bone matrix**
- multi-nucleate/large cells
- derived from haematopoietic stem cells
- liberate minerals and other molecules stored within bone matrix (e.g release of Calcium*
59
Which bone cells create osteid?
Osteoblasts
60
What are Howships Lacunae?
The resorption pits created by Osteoclasts removing bone
61
How does turnover in osteopetrosis differ from normal turnover?
There is reduced/low resorption of bone - bone becomes very dense/brittle
62
Which cell has an Osteogenic function
- Bone producting - osteoblasts
63
Which cell makes osteocytes ?
osteoblasts
64
Specialised connective tissue cells called ____? secrete a maxtrix material called osteiod.
Osteoblasts
65
What is Osteiod
A gelatinous substance /matrix (unmineralised matrix) made up of collagen (fibrous protein) and mucopolysaccharide, an organic glue.
66
Which type of ossification plays an important role in the growth of skull bones?
Intra-membranous
| (most bones are formed by combination of both)
67
Which is the main type of ossification for long bone growth
Endochondral
| (most bones are formed by combination of both)
68
Name the two types of ossification
Endochondral
Intra-membranous
69
During Enchondral ossification, what happens to the remaining cartilage after it has been replaced with bone?
It remains in the epiphyseal growth plate/grow plate eventually ossifies
70
Intramembranous ossification can occur in adult bones
| a) true
b) false
a) true
71
What is the proccess called when Mescenchymal stem cells deveop directly into osteoprogenitor cells that turn into osteoblasts?
Intramembranous ossification
72
If you are strengh training your new bones will become thicker by
a) Endonchondral ossification
b) intramembranous ossification
b) intramembranous
73
Which type of ossification does not involve a cartilage model?
Intramembranous
74
Where is the primary ossification centre formed
Diaphyseal region
75
Where is the primary ossification centre formed
Diaphyseal region
76
What happens to the epiphyseal growth plate?
The cartilage is replaced with bone, which joins it to the diaphysis
77
Which type of bone growth makes long bones thicker?
Appopositional
78
Which type of bone growth makes long bones longer?
Interstitial
79
Which type of bone growth can occur in adulthood?
Intramembranous
80
What type of cartilage is the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of_____ cartilage ?
Hyaline cartilage
81
The epiphyseal plate lies between the epiphyses and ___?
Metaphyses
82
Cartilage is avacular and aneural
a) true
b) false
a) true
(without blood vessels and without nerves), it obtains nutrients via long tange diffusion from blood vessels on periphery
83
Name two cells found in cartilage
1. Chondroblasts (immature cartilage cells)
2. Chondrocytes (mature cartilage)
84
How is cartilage nuroushed long - range?
Diffusion from nearby capillaries in the perichondrium
85
What is the periochondral
Blood vessels surrounding the surface of cartilage/that supply cartilage with nutrients and oxygen
86
The weakest type of cartilage
Hyaline
87
Name the 3 types of cartilage
Examples of where found
1. Hyaline (Costals, Trachea, Epiphyseal growth plates, articular)
2. Elastic - (external ear, epiglottis, larynx)
3. Fibrocartilage (joint capusles - synovial joints, where ligaments/tendons insert into bone, intervertebral discs)
88
What is a joint
A union between 2 or more rigid components (bone or cartilage)
89
Name the 3 types of joints
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
90
Examples of fibrous joints
1. Cranial sutures
2. Periodental ligament (teeth)
3. Interosseus membranes (between bones e.g. radius and ulna. Tibia and fibula)
91
Examples of fibrous joints
1. Cranial sutures
2. Periodental ligament (teeth)
3. Interosseus membranes (between bones e.g. radius and ulna. Tibia and fibula)
92
What are the two type of cartilaginous fibre joints?
1. Synchondroses (primary)
2. Symphyses (secondary)
93
Symphyses (secondary cartiligainous) joints is found in the midline of the body
a) true
b) false
a) true - within the intervertebral discs /pubis bones
94
Seasmoid bone?
Example , the patella:
Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress and wear - suspended within tendons
95
Long bones?
E.g. humerous, radius, ulna
- loner than they are wide
- support weight
- facitlitate movement
- mostly appendicular skeleton
96
Five types of bones?
1. Flat
2. Long
3. Short
4. Seasmoid
5. Irregular
97
Flat bones
e.g. Cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs
: protection, large area for muscle attachment (.e.g sternum- pectorials)
98
Short bones
Carpels /tarsels
- stability
99
irregular bones
vertebrae/pelvic bones -
protect spinal cord
100
What type of tissue are bones?
connective tissue
101
12. The image shows a histological section of bone. Name the structure shown by the arrow.
Haversian canal
central canal
