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Anatomy Year 1 > Workbook 3: Muscles and nerves > Flashcards

Workbook 3: Muscles and nerves Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons located

A

The dorsal root ganglia

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2
Q

The ventral root contains what type of neurons?

A

Efferent (motor neurons)

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3
Q

The point where the dorsal root and ventral root meet

A

Spinal nerve

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4
Q

What travels through the ventral root?

A

Efferent motor axons bring motor information from the brain to the body; they travel through the ventral roots of the spinal cord.

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5
Q

Where are efferent neurons cell bodies located

A

The ventral horn of the spinal cord

(From there, efferent axons leave the spinal cord through the ventral root, travel through the spinal nerves, and ultimately synapse with the skeletal muscle cells found in the neuromuscular junction.)

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6
Q

The Ventral and Dorsal Ramus contain both sensory and motor neurons

a) True

b) False

A

a) True

also autonomic fibres - sympathetic fibres

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7
Q

The spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information

a) true

b) false

A

a) true

The spinal nerve is formed from the dorsal and ventral root

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8
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

8- cervical (neck, shoulders, arms)
12 - thoracic ( chest and abdomen)
5 - lumbar (hips and legs)
5- Sacral (genitalia and gastrointestinal tract)
1 - coccygeal

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9
Q

The 3 meninges in order from outermost to innermost layer

A
  1. Dura matter
  2. Arachnoid matter
  3. Pie Matter
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10
Q

Glia which form the myelin sheath of neurons within the CNS vs PNS

A

CNS- Oligodendrocytes

PNS - Schwann

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11
Q

Glia which surround blood vessels and form the blood brain barrier within the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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12
Q

Glia cells within the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes - maintain internal enviorment/form blood brain barrier
    2.. Ependylmal cells- produce CSF
    3.Microglia - hoover up infection
  2. Oligodendrocytes - form the myelin sheath
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13
Q

Glia cells which produces CSF

A

Ependymal (CNS)

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14
Q

Glia cells that are part of the immune system and fight infections

A

Microglia

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15
Q

Satellite cells

A

Glia which support neuron cell bodies

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16
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons

Left: bipolar
Right : pseduounipolar (e.g. dorsal ganglia)

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17
Q

Type of neuron

A

Multipolar - motor neuron (efferent)

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18
Q

Types of neurons

A

Interneurons

Multipolar / Anxonid

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19
Q

Part of the neuron that – determines when an electrical signal will be fired

A

Axon hillock

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20
Q

Part of neuron which is the “cable” – sends electrical signals to its target

A

Axon

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21
Q

part of the neuron which is the “ears” – listens to other neurons

A

dendrite

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22
Q

part of neuron

the “insulator” – speeds up the electrical signal

A

Myelin

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23
Q

Part of neuron

the “mouth” – speaks to other neurons

A

The presynaptic terminal

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24
Q

part of neuron

the “factory” – makes proteins for the cell

A

the soma

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25
1? axial or appendicular muscle
rectus abdominus axial
26
2 axial or appendicular muscle
oblique muscles (external) axial muscle
27
3 axial or appendicular muscle
sternocleidomastoid axial
28
4 axial or appendicular muscle
trapezius appendicular
29
5 axial or appendicular muscle
deltoid appendicular
30
6 axial or appendicular muscle
pectoralis major appendicular
31
7 axial or appendicular muscle
intercostal muscles axial
32
origin
stationary end usually superior/medial end of the muscle
33
insertion of muscle
The moving end usually more inferior/distal
34
how to muscles attach to bones
tendon (dense regular connective tissue)
35
What are tendons embedded in ?
periosteum of bone (anchors tendon in bone - spreads force of contraction/wont wear away)
36
aponeurosis
The anterior tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles are flat, thin ,broad
37
flat, thin , broad tendons are called?
aponeurosis e.g. tendons of abdominal oblique muscles
38
for skeletal muscle to exert action on joint
* they are attached by tendons to bones on EITHER SIDE of joint
39
Muscles PULL on bones they do not push bones a. true b. false
a. true PULL bones togethr (flexion) or pull bones apart (extension)
40
how many joints does the biceps brachii cross
1. shoulder 2. elbow 3. radio-ulnar?
41
to which bones are the tendons of biceps attached
Scapula - (long head and short head) Radius (radial tuberosity) - insertion
42
what action does the biceps brachii have on the shoulder joint
flexion
43
what action does the biceps brachii have on the elbow joint
flexion
44
Extension
moving the bone composing the joint further away from each other
45
how many joints does the triceps brachii cross
2 joints (shoulder and elbow)
46
what bones do triceps attach to
1. scapula (long head) 2. humerous (medial and lateral head) 3. ulna (insertion)
47
action of triceps brachii on elbow and shoulder joint
Extension (extensor compartment of arm)
48
actions of hamstrings
flex the knee (but extend the hip)
49
a muscle that attaches to bones on either side of the midline of the body (i.e cross the median sagittal plane)
the diagphragm (main central tendon)
50
when the diaphragm contracts what happens the muscle a. descends/flattens b. ascend
descends
51
In which direction would the domes move on contraction – superior or inferior?
inferior
52
what fibre direction do deltoid muscles run in?
* anterior - flexion * middle - abduction of shoulder and humerous * posterior - extension pull shoulder in different directions
53
where is smooth muscle found
* surrounding arterioles/blood vessels * surrounding bronchi (Respiratory tract) * GI tract - intestines/stomach
54
which compartment flexes the elbow
anterior arm muscles
55
which group of muscles are relaxing as you flex your elbow
posterior arm muscles
56
synergists
*** help perform the same motion as agonists *** stabalise movements, safe ROM * assists movements
57
example of fixator/stabalising muscles
rotator cuff muscle in shoulder stabalise joint/reduce risk of dislocation
58
Muscle testing
Can help diagnose both muscle and nerve injuries by assessing power of movement. Muscles are assessed bilaterally in pairs for comparison.
59
Muscle atrophy
“Wasting” of muscle tissue may result from a disorder of the muscle or its innervation. It may also result from immobilisation of a limb, eg. when placed in a plaster cast for a long period.
60
1.
pectoralis major
61
2
aponeurosis
62
3
proximal origin (attachment)
63
4
sartorius
64
5
distal attachment (insertion)
65
What is the action of 1.
anterior fibres of deltoid flexion of shoulder
66
what is the action of 2.
middle fibres of deltoid abduction of shoulder
67
what is the action of 3?
posterior fibres of the deltoid extension of the shoulder
68
What is the prime mover in arm flexion
biceps brachii
69
What is the prime mover in arm flexion
biceps brachii
70
what muscles are synergist in arm flexion
the brachialis i assist movement or stabalise joint deltoid, pectoralis, latismiss dorsi
71
synergistic muscles
assist movement, stabalise joint
72
anatagonist muscle in arm flexion
opposite motion - triceps brachii
73
flex the arm
anterior arm muscles
74
synergists
assist movement / help perform same motion as the agonist
75
intermuscular fascial septa
seperates muscles into compartments
76
3 ways in which muscles are be compartmentalised
1. the intermuscular fascial septa 2. common nerves supplying compartment 3. common actions of muscles in compartment
77
straighten/extend the elbow
triceps brachii - prime mover
78
All of the arm and forearm muscle compartments are innervated by?
The brachial plexus located in in the axilla C5-T1 nerve roots
79
All of the arm and forearm muscle compartments are innervated by?
The brachial plexus located in in the axilla C5-T1 nerve roots
80
all of the thigh and leg muscles are innervated by?
lumbosacral plexus (in the abdomen and pelvis)``
81
all of the thigh and leg muscles are innervated by?
lumbosacral plexus (in the abdomen and pelvis)``
82
All of the upper limb compartments are innervated by?
brachial plexus all originate from C5-T1spinal nerve roots
83
network of nerves that innervates all of lower limb muscles
lumbrosarcal plexus L1-S4
84
spinal roots of lumbro-sacral plexus
L1- S4 supplies all of lower limb muscle compartments
85
spinal roots of lumbosarcral plexus
L1-S4
86
what are the 3 layers of oblique muscle
Going from superficial to deep, 1. external abdominal oblique, 2. internal abdominal oblique 3. transversus abdominis FLAT muscles lateral abdominal wall supplied by T7-12 lower interscotals T12 subcostal compress abdominal to main intra-abdominal tension
87
Which abdominal wall muscle contains vertically orientated fibres?
rectus abdominis
88
In the anteromedial aspect of the abdominal wall, each flat muscle forms an?
aponeurosis (a broad, flat tendon), which covers the vertical rectus abdominis muscle.
89
The aponeuroses of all the flat muscles become entwined in the midline, forming the
linea alba (a fibrous structure that extends from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis).
90
Flat muscles of the abdominal wall
1. external oblique 2. internal oblqiue 3. transverse adbominals
91
most superficial flat muscle in the abdominal wall
external oblique contralateral rotation of the torso (T7-T11) + (T12) subcostal
92
The rectus abdominis is split in two by the
Linea alba
93
what effect does this arrangement have on the collective strength and integrity of the 3 flat abdominal muscles? (external oblique, external oblqiue, transverse abdominis)
* increasing intra-abdominal pressure * maintaining abdominal tension * movement of trunk
94
In which direction do the rectus abdominis fibres travel
Vertically
95
What is an aponeurosis
a flat tendon attaches broad/flat muscle to bone can attach two broad muscles
96
Tendons of flat muscles is called
aponeurosis sheet
97
name muscle and action
rectus abdominus flexion of lumbar spine
98
transversus abdominus
99
tendinous intersections divide rectus
100
action of rectus adbominus
**flexion of lumbar spine ** (act in opposition to the erector spinae muscles)
101
action of rectus adbominus
**flexion of lumbar spine ** (act in opposition to the erector spinae muscles) - prevents overextension
102
action of rectus adbominus
**flexion of lumbar spine ** (act in opposition to the erector spinae muscles) - prevents overextension

Anatomy Year 1 (25 decks)

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