PART 2 CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, AMINO ACIDS AND LIPID METABOLISM Flashcards
(52 cards)
During ___ when ATP needs are high, there is not enough O2 being inhaled to re-
oxidize NADH in the electron transport chain.
strenuous exercise
The lactate formed by anaerobic metabolism of
pyruvate builds up in muscle cells, resulting in
___
soreness and cramping.
An ___ is created, and when the
vigorous activity decreases, the person must take
deep breaths of air to repay this debt.
“oxygen debt”
The lactate in the muscles is then ____ to
pyruvate, which can return to acetyl CoA and
muscle soreness, fatigue, and shortness of
breath resolve.
re-oxidized
The pain felt during a
___ is caused by an
increase of lactate in the heart and areas near the
heart cut off from ___
heart attack
oxygenated blood
A higher-than-normal blood lactate level can
indicate ____
lung disease, congestive heart failure, or
serious infection.
___ is the anaerobic conversion of
glucose to ethanol and CO2 by yeast and other
microorganisms.
Fermentation
First, glycolysis yields a net of ____
2 ATPs and 2
NADHs (which will give 5 ATPs).
Second, oxidation of the ___
2 pyruvates yields 2
NADHs (which will give 5 ATPs).
Finally, the 2 acetyl CoAs proceed through the citric
acid cycle, starting the electron transport chain and
oxidative phosphorylation, yielding __
10 ATPs × 2 =
20 ATPs.
The final total is ___
1 glucose = 32 ATP
___are carefully regulated by two hormones.
Blood glucose levels
When blood glucose levels rise after a meal,
___ stimulates the passage of glucose into cells
for metabolism.
insulin
When blood glucose levels are low, the hormone
___ stimulates the conversion of stored
glycogen to glucose.
glucagon
___ is the synthesis of glucose from
noncarbohydrate sources—lactate, amino acids, or
glycerol.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is an ___ since it
results in the synthesis of larger molecules from
smaller ones.
anabolic pathway
Cycling compounds from the muscle to the liver
and back again is the ____
Cori Cycle
The first step in the catabolism of triacylglycerols
is the ___ of the three ester bonds to yield___
hydrolysis
glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
The glycerol backbone is converted to
___ which can enter
glycolysis.
dihydroxyacetone phosphate,
The first step involves the phosphorylation of
glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate.
Step 1 in Glycerol Catabolism with the enzyme
glycerol kinase
Step 2 in Glycerol Catabolism with the enzyme
glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
The second step involves oxidation with to
yield ___
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and NADH.
The product is an intermediate in both ___ so two pathways are
available.
glycolysis
and gluconeogenesis,
