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MAJOR!!! > part 3( bacte 2nd qz) > Flashcards

part 3( bacte 2nd qz) Flashcards

1
Q

STAGES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

Incubation stage
Prodromal stage
Clinical stage
Stage of Decline
Convalescent stage

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2
Q

No signs or symptoms (s/s)
Time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs and symptoms.

A

Incubation stage

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3
Q

Full recovery of surviving host OR
Chronic infection develops or death

A

Convalescent stage

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4
Q

First signs and symptoms appear
Early, mild symptoms of disease such as general aches and malaise
Pathogen may be highly communicable

A

Prodromal stage

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5
Q

Peak of characteristic signs and symptoms
Person exhibits overt signs and symptoms

A

Clinical stage

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6
Q

Condition of host deteriorates possibly to death OR
Signs and symptoms begin to subside as host condition improves
Patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

A

Stage of Decline

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7
Q

First Line of Defense

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Normal microbiota

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8
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Phagocytosis
Inflammation

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9
Q

Host properties that confer RESISTANCE of the host to foreign substances

A

immunity

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10
Q

Sum of all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are not normally present in the body

A

immunity

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11
Q

Customized protection against invading microorganisms

A

Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immunity

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12
Q

Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immunity

A

Defense once microorganisms breached innate immunity

Involves the 3rd line of defense against invading microorganisms

Customized protection against invading microorganisms

Has a memory (can recall previous contact w/ a foreign molecule)

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13
Q

Innate/Natural/Nonspecific Immunity

A

Defenses that are present at birth

Involves the 1st and 2nd lines of defense against invading microorganisms

Occurs regardless of the type of invading organism (no specific recognition); acts against all microbes in the same way

Does not have a memory (cannot recall previous contact w/ a foreign molecule

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14
Q

Intact Skin function

A

mechanical barrier

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15
Q

Low pH (pH 3-5) due to fatty acids also has antimicrobial effect

A

skin

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16
Q

skin

A

The stratified and cornified epithelium serve as mechanical barriers

Fatty acids secreted by sebaceous glands have antibacterial and antifungal properties

Low pH (pH 3-5) due to fatty acids also has antimicrobial effect

Desquamation of the skin surfaces – keratinized squamous epithelium

Those capable of penetrating a normal, healthy skin are few like: leptospires, Francisella tularensis, treponemes, and some fungi

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17
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Mucous membrane of the RT is lined with cilia and covered w/ mucus w/c trap bacteria

The RT has also lysozymes that lyse bacterial cell walls

The GIT has hydrolytic enzymes in saliva and stomach acids that can break down bacteria

The stomach’s low pH and presence of gastric enzymes limit the number of microbes.

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18
Q

Lysozyme

A

Lyse bacterial cell walls

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19
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA

A

Serve as opsonins, thereby enhancing phagocytosis

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20
Q

Beta-lysins

A

Destroy gram positive bacteria

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21
Q

Interferon

A

Inhibits viral replication

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22
Q

Interferon - gamma

A

Inhibits cell proliferation
Inhibits tumor growth
Enhances phagocytosis

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23
Q

They compete w/ pathogens for nutrients and space. This competition limit the growth of pathogens, thereby, lessening the chance for colonization – COLONIZATION RESISTANCE

A

Normal Microbiota

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24
Q

Cells that ingest bacteria and other foreign particles by endocytosis and engulf them through their phagosome

A

PHAGOCYTES

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25
Q

is the primary mechanism in the host defense against extracellular bacteria, viruses and fungi

A

Phagocytosis

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26
Q

Origin
Location
Life span
Predominates in NUETROPHILS

A

Bone marrow
Circulating blood and tissues
2 – 7 hrs (blood)
Less than 1 week (tissues)
Pyogenic infections

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27
Q

Origin
Location
Life span
Predominates in MACROPHAGES

A

Bone marrow
Blood ( monocytes) Tissue (macrophages)

Longer life span
Granulomatous infections

28
Q

Function OF neutrophils

A

Phagocytic (first cells present during bacterial invasion)

29
Q

MACROPHAGES function

A

Phagocytic
Plays both an impt role in nonspecific phagocytosis and specific immunity

30
Q

Histamine

A

Dilates blood vessels

31
Q

Kinins

A

Increase vascular permeability; initiate/enhance release of other wbc mediators; derived from the clotting cascade kininogen

32
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Affect wbcs’ mobility and metabolism

33
Q

C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, antitrypsin,

A

Liver proteins playing a role in the acute response

34
Q

Interleukin-1

A

Stimulates immune response; increases fever by interaction w/ prostaglandins; increases adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium; promotes T cell proliferation

35
Q

Interleukin-2

A

Causes proliferation of activated T and B cells

36
Q

Cytokines

A

Stimulate wbcs, promoting their growth and differentiation

37
Q

Gamma interferon

A

Promotes growth of T and B cells

38
Q

Reinforcement mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation; activated by trauma / tissue injury

A

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

39
Q

Ingest and destroy microorganisms

A

Phagocytes

40
Q

Attracts phagocytes to infection site
Helps phagocytes recognize and bind to bacteria
Directly kills Gram(-) bacteria

A

Complement system

41
Q

Attracts phagocytes to infection site
Increases blood and fluid flow to infection site
Walls off infection site to physically inhibit spread of microorganisms

A

Coagulation system

42
Q

Multiple effects that enhance the activities of many different cells to non-specific and specific responses

A

cytokines

43
Q

Swelling/Edema

A

– caused by increased flow of fluid and cells to the infection site

44
Q

Pus formation

A

continued accumulation of phagocytes

45
Q

Redness

A

results from vasodilation at the infection site

46
Q

Heat

A

results from increased temperature of affected tissue

47
Q

Pain

A

due to tissue damage and pressure from increased flow of fluid and cells

48
Q

involves the host’s immune system/ immune response

A

3rd line of defense-

49
Q

3rd line of defense-

A

ADAPTIVE
SPECIFIC
ACQUIRED

50
Q

adaptive

A

Immunity is induced; that is, it adapts to a microbial invader

51
Q

specific

A

Acts only to a specific type of invader (antigen)
Customized defense against invading microorganisms

52
Q

acquired

A

Immunity is developed only after exposure to a suitable antigen; or after transfer of antibodies

53
Q

“nonself” or foreign substances made up proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides and some glycolipids to which antibodies respond

A

antigens

54
Q

“self” substances or immunoglobulins that are made up of glycoproteins present in serum and tissue fluids; produced by B cells

A

Antibodies

55
Q

Central molecule of the immune response

A

ANTIBODIES OR IMMUNOGLOBULINS

56
Q

Specific proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens

A

ANTIBODIES OR IMMUNOGLOBULINS

57
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

58
Q

Responds to protein Ags

A

IgG

59
Q

IgM

A

First Ab produced during infection (primary immune response)

Responds best to polysaccharide Ags

Bacterial agglutination

Neutralization of of endotoxins

Most active at 20-25 deg C

60
Q

IgD

A

Found on external membranes of B cells; initiates B cell differentiation
May play a role in autoallergic diseases

61
Q

IgA

A

Secreted in body fluids (tears, milk, saliva, resp and GI secretions)
Primarily protects body surfaces lined w/ mucous membranes

62
Q

IgG

A

Mainly involved in secondary (anamnestic) immune response
Most active at 37deg C
Neutralization of viruses and exotoxins
Major Ig in normal serum; Passive immunity for newborns (can cross the placenta)

63
Q

IgE

A

Stimulates release of histamine and other chemicals to cause allergic rxns

Increased during parasitic infections

64
Q

Two Arms of the Immune System

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

65
Q

Temporary resistance to infectious agents by administration of preformed ANTIBODIES

A

PASSIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

66
Q

PASSIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

A

The host DOES NOT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES since preformed Abs are already given

67
Q

Resistance to infectious agents by contact/administration of an ANTIGEN

The host PRODUCES ANTIBODY in reaction to antigens

A

ACTIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

MAJOR!!! (12 decks)

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