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MAJOR!!! > part 3( bacte 2nd qz) > Flashcards

part 3( bacte 2nd qz) Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

STAGES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

Incubation stage
Prodromal stage
Clinical stage
Stage of Decline
Convalescent stage

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2
Q

No signs or symptoms (s/s)
Time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs and symptoms.

A

Incubation stage

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3
Q

Full recovery of surviving host OR
Chronic infection develops or death

A

Convalescent stage

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4
Q

First signs and symptoms appear
Early, mild symptoms of disease such as general aches and malaise
Pathogen may be highly communicable

A

Prodromal stage

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5
Q

Peak of characteristic signs and symptoms
Person exhibits overt signs and symptoms

A

Clinical stage

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6
Q

Condition of host deteriorates possibly to death OR
Signs and symptoms begin to subside as host condition improves
Patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

A

Stage of Decline

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7
Q

First Line of Defense

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Normal microbiota

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8
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Phagocytosis
Inflammation

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9
Q

Host properties that confer RESISTANCE of the host to foreign substances

A

immunity

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10
Q

Sum of all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are not normally present in the body

A

immunity

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11
Q

Customized protection against invading microorganisms

A

Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immunity

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12
Q

Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immunity

A

Defense once microorganisms breached innate immunity

Involves the 3rd line of defense against invading microorganisms

Customized protection against invading microorganisms

Has a memory (can recall previous contact w/ a foreign molecule)

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13
Q

Innate/Natural/Nonspecific Immunity

A

Defenses that are present at birth

Involves the 1st and 2nd lines of defense against invading microorganisms

Occurs regardless of the type of invading organism (no specific recognition); acts against all microbes in the same way

Does not have a memory (cannot recall previous contact w/ a foreign molecule

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14
Q

Intact Skin function

A

mechanical barrier

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15
Q

Low pH (pH 3-5) due to fatty acids also has antimicrobial effect

A

skin

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16
Q

skin

A

The stratified and cornified epithelium serve as mechanical barriers

Fatty acids secreted by sebaceous glands have antibacterial and antifungal properties

Low pH (pH 3-5) due to fatty acids also has antimicrobial effect

Desquamation of the skin surfaces – keratinized squamous epithelium

Those capable of penetrating a normal, healthy skin are few like: leptospires, Francisella tularensis, treponemes, and some fungi

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17
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Mucous membrane of the RT is lined with cilia and covered w/ mucus w/c trap bacteria

The RT has also lysozymes that lyse bacterial cell walls

The GIT has hydrolytic enzymes in saliva and stomach acids that can break down bacteria

The stomach’s low pH and presence of gastric enzymes limit the number of microbes.

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18
Q

Lysozyme

A

Lyse bacterial cell walls

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19
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA

A

Serve as opsonins, thereby enhancing phagocytosis

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20
Q

Beta-lysins

A

Destroy gram positive bacteria

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21
Q

Interferon

A

Inhibits viral replication

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22
Q

Interferon - gamma

A

Inhibits cell proliferation
Inhibits tumor growth
Enhances phagocytosis

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23
Q

They compete w/ pathogens for nutrients and space. This competition limit the growth of pathogens, thereby, lessening the chance for colonization – COLONIZATION RESISTANCE

A

Normal Microbiota

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24
Q

Cells that ingest bacteria and other foreign particles by endocytosis and engulf them through their phagosome

A

PHAGOCYTES

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25
is the primary mechanism in the host defense against extracellular bacteria, viruses and fungi
Phagocytosis
26
Origin Location Life span Predominates in NUETROPHILS
Bone marrow Circulating blood and tissues 2 – 7 hrs (blood) Less than 1 week (tissues) Pyogenic infections
27
Origin Location Life span Predominates in MACROPHAGES
Bone marrow Blood ( monocytes) Tissue (macrophages) Longer life span Granulomatous infections
28
Function OF neutrophils
Phagocytic (first cells present during bacterial invasion)
29
MACROPHAGES function
Phagocytic Plays both an impt role in nonspecific phagocytosis and specific immunity
30
Histamine
Dilates blood vessels
31
Kinins
Increase vascular permeability; initiate/enhance release of other wbc mediators; derived from the clotting cascade kininogen
32
Leukotrienes
Affect wbcs’ mobility and metabolism
33
C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, antitrypsin,
Liver proteins playing a role in the acute response
34
Interleukin-1
Stimulates immune response; increases fever by interaction w/ prostaglandins; increases adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium; promotes T cell proliferation
35
Interleukin-2
Causes proliferation of activated T and B cells
36
Cytokines
Stimulate wbcs, promoting their growth and differentiation
37
Gamma interferon
Promotes growth of T and B cells
38
Reinforcement mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation; activated by trauma / tissue injury
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
39
Ingest and destroy microorganisms
Phagocytes
40
Attracts phagocytes to infection site Helps phagocytes recognize and bind to bacteria Directly kills Gram(-) bacteria
Complement system
41
Attracts phagocytes to infection site Increases blood and fluid flow to infection site Walls off infection site to physically inhibit spread of microorganisms
Coagulation system
42
Multiple effects that enhance the activities of many different cells to non-specific and specific responses
cytokines
43
Swelling/Edema
– caused by increased flow of fluid and cells to the infection site
44
Pus formation
continued accumulation of phagocytes
45
Redness
results from vasodilation at the infection site
46
Heat
results from increased temperature of affected tissue
47
Pain
due to tissue damage and pressure from increased flow of fluid and cells
48
involves the host’s immune system/ immune response
3rd line of defense-
49
3rd line of defense-
ADAPTIVE SPECIFIC ACQUIRED
50
adaptive
Immunity is induced; that is, it adapts to a microbial invader
51
specific
Acts only to a specific type of invader (antigen) Customized defense against invading microorganisms
52
acquired
Immunity is developed only after exposure to a suitable antigen; or after transfer of antibodies
53
"nonself” or foreign substances made up proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides and some glycolipids to which antibodies respond
antigens
54
“self” substances or immunoglobulins that are made up of glycoproteins present in serum and tissue fluids; produced by B cells
Antibodies
55
Central molecule of the immune response
ANTIBODIES OR IMMUNOGLOBULINS
56
Specific proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens
ANTIBODIES OR IMMUNOGLOBULINS
57
5 classes of immunoglobulins
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
58
Responds to protein Ags
IgG
59
IgM
First Ab produced during infection (primary immune response) Responds best to polysaccharide Ags Bacterial agglutination Neutralization of of endotoxins Most active at 20-25 deg C
60
IgD
Found on external membranes of B cells; initiates B cell differentiation May play a role in autoallergic diseases
61
IgA
Secreted in body fluids (tears, milk, saliva, resp and GI secretions) Primarily protects body surfaces lined w/ mucous membranes
62
IgG
Mainly involved in secondary (anamnestic) immune response Most active at 37deg C Neutralization of viruses and exotoxins Major Ig in normal serum; Passive immunity for newborns (can cross the placenta)
63
IgE
Stimulates release of histamine and other chemicals to cause allergic rxns Increased during parasitic infections
64
Two Arms of the Immune System
HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
65
Temporary resistance to infectious agents by administration of preformed ANTIBODIES
PASSIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
66
PASSIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
The host DOES NOT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES since preformed Abs are already given
67
Resistance to infectious agents by contact/administration of an ANTIGEN The host PRODUCES ANTIBODY in reaction to antigens
ACTIVELY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

MAJOR!!! (12 decks)

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