Part 3 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Reading - coping and wellbeing
Procrastination linked to - outcomes, anxiety and depression make it worse. Found procrastination linked to anxiety depression, rumination and worry but rumination mediates link between anxiety and+p, depression +p but not worry. Disconnect from present and future self, worry more about future events. When distressing event, want to find causes leads to self blame. Proactive coping linked to self efficacy, less depressed and more flexible personality. Link between self blame and distress is mediated by coping
Lazarus and folkman and define coping
Lazarus and folkman 84: 3 stage transactional process: primary appraisal- perceive threat, secondary appraisal where consider responses and coping, putting response into action. Not linear, if we choose good coping, we may reappraise experience as less threatening but if not, more threatening and revisit responses to make better one. Can be repeated many times. Coping sig impact on wellbeing. Defined as changing cog/beh efforts to manage spec ext/int situations exceeding resources. Weigh what we think we need to cope vs resources . Auto response to - experience short term and long term
Study for coping and wellbeing - Adam and ward 2016
Muslims in NZ, measured stress and Muslim religious coping. Looked at acculturative stress: stress from not being part of the majority culture. Engaging in religious coping buffers ppl from having low life satisfaction. During low stress, all have same levels of life satis but during high stress, high religious coping have the best satis
Types of coping - dual model
Dual model: problem vs emotion focused coping. Problem is actively handling threat to remove, avoid or diminish impact (objective, based on experience, goals). Emotion focused is minimising the emotional distress triggered by threat. PF is complex as it has problem solving: plan how to handle, suppress other competing, executing action when op presents itself, also + reappraisal as reinterpret the event as benign and meaningful later. Also seek advice, information from social support. EF also comped as has acceptance or denying of threat, overt emotional expression, avoidance coping (don’t attempt goals when stressor interfering like watching tv), religious coping and seeking social support for sympathy - social support can be both
PF and EF coping study
SSS: for PF is help making a plan but for EF is venting.PF predicts higher levels of wellbeing while emotion predicts lower. Adam and ward 2016: ryffs psych wellbeing scale, coping qs. Model sig e.g. ryffs 6 factors. Emotional coping is sss, negative self focus, overt emotional expression and avoidance. PF is problem solving, positive lift regard and sss
Critiques of dual coping model
There is overlap. Model too general and doesn’t look at all the ways people cope, they say anything not PF is EF but some EF may involve + reinforcement of events e.g. reinterpret w aim to reduce - emotions. Studies explore components like rumination, worry and proactive coping (efforts to build up resources that facilitate personal growth and actualisation of talents/potentials)
Overall studies for rumination, worry and PC
Suggest they vary across the lifespan, links all 3 to the U curve as older adults report they are more likely to proactively handle stressful situations before they became stressful MORE?. Across age, worry decreases. Age age increases, brooding rumination decreases but spike at 51-62
Rumination
One of the most explored. Nolen 2002 defined as repetitive and passive focus on symptoms of distress and possible causes/consequences of these symptoms e.g. what’s wrong with me, tend to be past orientated, typically engage wout intention of tackling issues (cycle). Ppl say some benefits: absolves ppl of responsibility by helping them see event as uncontrollable but gen - as prolongs - emotion
Rumination part 2
Lyubomirsky 2003: rumination increases likelihood emotion persists over long term as the - thoughts activate - memories, interferes w problem solving and reduces the availability of social support (as just using them to vent). 2 dimension rumination- nolen- reflective rumination (engaging in mental problem solving to improve mod e.g. analyse events to understand depression) brooding rumination (passively focusing on cause of distress e.g. why me). Both have inter item reliability, psychometric properties and - impact on wellbeing
Studies for rumination and wellbeing - endur-baker and bugay 2010
Turkish high school: sig + correlation between reflection sub scale and brief symptom inventory, also brooding and BSI. (Anxiety and depression)Some argue some more prone to cope w rumination that others, majority look at gender. Puckett 2022: content of rumination among trans and gender diverse, most common topic was interpersonal challenges like scared won’t find someone who accepts. Hilt 2011: ethnically diverse but low SES: girls more likely to have depression but partially mediated by rumination
Worry background
Also freq explored coping style. Chain of thought and images that have NA and uncontrollable. Do it to solve an issue where outcomes uncertain and negative, also can be an endless cycle, typically focused on future and initiated by environment or fear stim (imagined). Positive impact is increased preventative action and range to reduce - outcomes, also prepare for worst so helps emotional regulation but mostly - as intensifies - emotions, reduces confidence and leads to less effective solutions
Worry studies
Some look at content across different situations like covid (health of family, health concerns and economy) uni (finance, wellbeing of family, academic). Most widely used measure is the penn state worry questionnaire: eval freq, uncontrollability and intensity of worrisome thoughts (uni dimensional), strong psychometric properties and reliability . Muris: secondary school Netherlands - pswq linked to depression, link between anxiety and worry but rumination more linked to depression. Carter 2004: PSWQ shows demographic diffs in worrying tendencies: African Americans less
Proactive coping background
Future orientated, coping in advance by anticipating stressor and responding to increase psych resources, umbrella term for preventative (choosing safe option and managing risk) , reflective(assessing future event, considering responses and effectiveness), strategic planning(goal orientated), seeking emotional support, seeking informational support (info to manage event) . Leads to + wellbeing as combines planning, achieving goals w social resources, regulates emotions so increases probability of achieving goals, focuses on future so avoids - memories. Young ppl worse as have less life experience
Studies for proactive coping
Increase in proactive coping across life, increase in wellbeing. Willhelm 2014: longitudinal study over 30 years, looked at how social well-being changes over lifespan. Used quant like satis scale to split into low and high then got qual insights via semi structured interviews. Planning, prep and transition: ps know they need to use proactive planning for achievable goals. Maintenance: ps id what has worked for them in achieving well-being e.g. physical activity, emphasis on maintaining achievements and forward planning e.g. maintain good health. Social connectedness: future plans involved relationships. Smelling the roses: gratitude and pleasures
Resilience and well-being background
Wellbeing is dynamic and changes based on circumstances (can be + like achieving a goal or - like break up) or change in environment like moving. Change triggers - emotions and disruption which can push someone to make adaptation. Successful leads to higher wellbeing and resilience but bad leads to dysfunctional integration (no coping) or don’t cope and go back to normal but will be depressed again if it re occurs/reintegrating homeostasis)
Resilience and wellbeing studies
Resilient person more likely to successfully adapt to change and transform - into + E.g. high resilience have higher wellbeing. Brief resilience scale- smith or Connor Davison scale. M and f uni students differ in resilience in some places not others
Uni challenges
From daily like responsibilities, medium like academic pressure and relationships and major like sa. Chronic anxiety and depression present so need resilience interventions. Brett, matheison and rowley 2022: northern uk looked at home or uni living, stress, loneliness, resilience, sense of coherence and found resilience and wellbeing strongest link, age also
Hardiness- predictor of resilience
A world view/thought frame where person interprets experiences in way that makes them competent in difficulty- meaning even when painful and live fully. Ideal identity for purpose and influence over world. Challenge mindset (belief - experience is normal and needed for meaningful life, op to grow) commitment focus (belief in who one is and impact of behaviour) consistent sense of being in control (events are controllable and you have influence)
Studies for hardiness
Hardiness resilience gauge- has 3 sub scales. Challenge is I find the + in life change, control is I accomplish what I set out to do and commitment is I have clear sense of purpose. Mohatashami 2015: Iran uni, resilience, hardiness and gpa. Among high and low gpa, hardiness sig predicted more resilience. Sade gin and einaky 2010: Iran but used general health not gpa- hardiness linked to resilience and less bad mental health
Hardiness studies part 2
Beasley 2003: Tasmania, looked at - life expereince, coping, hardiness and health. Higher hardiness predicted health even when controlling for - events and no gender effects. Knowlden 2013: us college, psych distress, sense of coherence and hardiness. Less distress based on those 3 factors (comp, manag, meaning), comp the most then hardiness
Psychological capital
Developing a range of + attributes to live a good life. HERO H, hope: who you are and becoming, confidence to put effort in and succeed at challenge. Efficacy: persevering toward goal and redirecting, resilience: bouncing back from issues, optimism (making + attributions about succeeding now and future . Some say includes bouncing back but most say resilience is dev higher functioning
Studies for psycap
Using academic psycap questionnaire, og for workplace-luthans. Others say each measure is separate so have diff scales. Selvaraj and bhat 2018: midwest uni, found all dimensions sig diff across well-being (languishing, flourishing and medium). Poots and Cassidy: structural equation model :psycap predicts wellbeing via slef compassion. . Social capital also increases. More cap in first gen, mothers education increases psycap, father only for social support. Stress - self compassion.motivation boosts cap not compassion
Studies for psycap part 2
Naseef and jahan: India for m had lower psycap and MH but psycap sig linked to wellbeing and no sig gender diffs in psycap. Chinese students during covid found oppposite- m sig higher psycap, more resilience and efficacy. 4th years had lower as well as hope and optimism.
Resilience resources
A resource caravan of personal resources that mean adaptation under pressure. Coping strategies, optimism, emotional stability (intelligence, mindfulness), locus of control- differ according to person. Fullerton 2021: aus uni, measured academic efficacy, life orientation (optimism, toughness, esteem, adaptation), meaning. Coping affected wellbeing, uni and health. Resilience increased + thinking, PF coping, decreased avoidance, increased support seeking. Maladaptive never linked to increased resilience, means then + wellbeing
