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Patho/Pharm > Patho Exam 1 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Passive transport carriers (non ATP driven)

A

Transporters not linked to Na+ gradient
ex. Glucose transporters in pancreas. Insulin signals for transporters to open

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2
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), and blood.

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3
Q

idiopathic

A

cause unknown

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4
Q

Proto-oncogenes: nuclear transcription factors

A

transcription factors are usually sequestered and prevented from random activity
mutations in transcription factor genes may cause overproduction or interference of normal mechanisms.

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5
Q

IgM

A

first antibody, activates complement

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6
Q

acute clinical course

A

short-lived, may have severe manifestation

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7
Q

Na+ driven carriers (non ATP driven)

A

specific sites in the body require a secondary active transport by using Na+ gradient pulls in nutrients and ions

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8
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle
protect and preserve genetic information for replication

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9
Q

Carriers (small molecule)

A

Na+ driven carriers

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10
Q

dysplasia (potentially reversible)

A

abnormal variations in size, shape and arrangement, often cancerous

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11
Q

What is a shift to the left a sign of?

A

increased neutrophils are a sign of a bacterial infection

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12
Q

characteristics of neoplastic cells

A

-altered expression of cellular genes in an accelerated mode
-cellular replication may harm the host if benign and most assuredly if malignant

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13
Q

Gap juntions

A

Found in most tissues
Allow small molecules to move from cell to cell
Synchronized functions: cardiac muscle, peristalsis, embryogenesis

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14
Q

Lysosome

A

spherical single layer organelle that originates in the golgi apparatus
contains digestion enzymes

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15
Q

platelet-activating factor

A

similar effect to leukotriene, platelet activating

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16
Q

interleukin 7

A

promotes T cell proliferation

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17
Q

Normal WBC?

A

5000-9000

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18
Q

chronic clinical course

A

may last moths or years, sometimes following an acute course

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19
Q

Proto-oncogenes: cytoplasmic signaling molecules

A

Production of excessive or abnormal components of the intracellular signaling pathways. RAS gene mutations in 16-20% (slide 30%) of all human cancers.

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20
Q

communication through secretion

A

-ligands in the intracellular compartment
-signaling chemicals are secreted and received at specific cell target cells at receptor sites
secretion of chemical mediators via ligands in the form of synaptic, paracrine endocrine and autocrine signaling.

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21
Q

proto-oncogene cause of cancer

A

gain of function mutations (overactivity of a gene)

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22
Q

Rb gene

A

considered master brake in the proliferation cycle
loss of function of this gene common in many cancers, named after retinoblastoma

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23
Q

What are the four broad categories of proto-oncogenes?

A

growth factors/mitogens
growth factor receptors
cytoplasmic signaling molecules
nuclear transcription factors

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24
Q

necrosis

A

Usually occurs due to ischemia or toxic injury. Characterized by cell rupture, spilling of cell contents into extracellular fluid, and inflammation

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25
Q

sequelae

A

subsequent pathological condition resulting from an acute illness

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26
Q

how do mast cells release their granules?

A

degranulation and synthesis of lipid-derived chemical mediators

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27
Q

Injuries which cells are susceptible to (7)

A

ischemia and hypoxia
nutritional
infectious and immunological injury
physical and chemical injury

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28
Q

two mechanisms of complement activation

A

classical pathway: initiated by an immune reaction of antibodies triggered by IgG or IgM
alternative pathway: initiated by direct interaction of complement proteins with microbial polysaccharides on first exposure

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29
Q

symptoms

A

the subjective feeling of abnormality in the body

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30
Q

passive transport (small molecule)

A

Molecules and ions move in and out of the cell without the use of energy

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31
Q

prostaglandins

A

product of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes, similar effects to leukotrienes, induce pain

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32
Q

hydropic swelling

A

first sign of reversible cell injury
accumulation of water due to increased Na+ concentration in cell
Disruption of Na+/K+ by lack of ATP production

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33
Q

hypertrophy (potentially reversible)

A

increased cell SIZE related to physiologic of pathophysiologic demands
heart disease

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34
Q

BRCA1+2

A

Women with defects in BRCA genes have an 85% risk of getting breast cancer. Inherited

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35
Q

Apoptosis

A

normal physiological process that does not illicit an inflammatory response Orderly process.

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36
Q

convalescence

A

stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

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37
Q

Characteristics of injury caused by cellular swelling (3)

A

-large pale cytoplasm (protein lipid leak)
-dilated endoplasmic reticulum (synthesis of plasma membrane components disrupted)
-swollen mitochondria (functional issues)

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38
Q

What percentage of gene expression happens in a cell?

A

30-60%

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39
Q

Proto-oncogenes: growth factor (mitogens)

A

Overproduction of growth factor by a cell can cause the surrounding cells to divide rapidly. Common in brain and connective tissue cancers.

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40
Q

leukotrines

A

product of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes, similar effects to histamine

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41
Q

Apoptosis

A

pathologic cellular death occurs when injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaption or repair

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42
Q

dry gangrene

A

common to extremities
blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated from healthy tissue from a line of demarcation

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43
Q

cholesterol

A

comprises 50% of the lipid cell membrane
decreases permeability and prevents loss of water-soluble molecules

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44
Q

Intracellular communication types (3)

A

gap junction
cell to cell contact
secretion of chemical mediators

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45
Q

gas gangrene

A

may occur throught the body.
Anaerobic bacterial agent: clostridium
Fatal without aggressive interventions

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46
Q

tertiary level of prevention

A

rehab, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning following disease

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47
Q

iatrogenic

A

cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

48
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal, and myoepithelial

49
Q

subclinical stage

A

patient functions normally, disease processes well established

50
Q

ribosome

A

minute round particles
sites for protein synthesis

51
Q

Common gram-negative bacteria

A

E. Coli
heliobacter pylori
klebsiella pneumonia
hemophilus influenzae
enterobacter
pseudomonas aeruginosa

52
Q

systemic manifestations of inflammation

A

fever, leukocytosis >10k, increased plasma protein synthesis (c-reactive protein and fibrinogen)

53
Q

characteristics of malignant tumors

A

-always harmful
-metastasis is evident
-invasive and not contained
-anaplasia (variation in cell size and shape and distortion of organelles)

54
Q

Proto-oncogenes: growth factor receptors

A

A mutation that causes receptors to appear, normal receptors to become overly abundant, or receptors that have a high affinity for GF. Causes overproliferation.

55
Q

exacerbation

A

increase in severity, signs, or symptoms

56
Q

P53 (tumor supressor)

A

Inhibits cell cycling when cell is damaged to allow time for DNA repair. Important for initiaiting apoptosis in damaged or unwanted cells.

57
Q

primary level of prevention

A

altering susceptibility, reducing exposure for susceptible persons

58
Q

Four major signs of inflammation

A

redness, edema, pain, heat

59
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Cisternae that looks like a stack of deflated balloons
central receiving, transporting, and directing of protein and lipids

60
Q

somatic death

A

death of an entire organism

61
Q

secondary level of prevention

A

early detection, screening, and management of disease

62
Q

triggers of apoptosis

A
  1. survival signals from a neighboring cell or extracellular matrix are suppressed
  2. cell triggers its own death
63
Q

cell to cell contact

A

receptors with signaling molecules on other cells in extracellular matrix
Develop cell recognition to avoid autoimmune diseases
important for development of the immune response in fetus

64
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

multiprotein junctional complexes whose main function is to prevent leakage of solutes and water and seals between the epithelial cells. Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water.

65
Q

Four common fungal infections

A

candidiasis, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, aspergillosis

66
Q

Four stages of cell differentiation in the embryo

A
  1. cell proliferation
  2. cell specialization
  3. cell to cell interactions
  4. cell movement and migration
67
Q

Four types of localized injury or death of tissue

A
  1. coagulative (dry gangrene)
  2. liquefactive (wet gangrene)
  3. Fat
  4. Caseous
68
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A barrier composed of lipids (phospholipid bilayer) and proteins that shields the internal cell contents

69
Q

signs

A

objective or observed manifestation of the disease

70
Q

free radical theory of cell aging

A

cumulative and progressive damage to cell structures (cell membrane)

71
Q

Normal RBC count?

A

4.8-5.4 million

72
Q

consequences of complement activation (4)

A
  1. Cytolysis: MAC destroys cell
  2. inflammation: complement triggers histamine
  3. opsonization: promotion of phagocytosis
  4. inactivation of complement: regulatory proteins limit damage to host cells caused by complement
73
Q

Common gram-positive bacteria

A

Groups A, B, C, G
streptococcus
staph aureus
enterococcus
listeria monocytogenes
clostridium

74
Q

The majority of proto-oncogenes are coded for what?

A

cell proliferation

75
Q

tumor suppressor gene cause of cancer

A

loss of function mutations (little gene activity)

76
Q

Channel Proteins (non ATP driven)

A

H20 filled pores in the cell membrane
Each channel allows for specific ion to pass
High volume can be moved
Important for the creation of membrane potential used in nerve and muscle function

77
Q

metaplasia (potentially reversible)

A

replacement of a differentiated cell type with the same type but better able to withstand injurious stimulation
ex. smokers

78
Q

interferon gamma

A

produced by lymphocytes, causes neutrophils to kill bacteria

79
Q

How are benign and malignant tumors named?

A

Benign: -oma added to tissue type
Malignant: carcinoma is added to tissue name

80
Q

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

A

produced by macrophages, induced fever (endogenous pyrogen), increased synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins, causes muscle wasting and IV thrombosis

81
Q

ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) (ATP driven)

A

utilize the energy of ATP)binding and hydrolysis to provide the energy needed for the translocation of substrates across membranes, either for uptake or for export of the substrate.
Cystic fibrosis connected: CFTR stands for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Mutations in this protein cause the disease Cystic Fibrosis. CFTR is the only ABC transporter that has evolved to operate as a chloride pore instead of actively transporting a substrate.
Bacteria use ABC transporters to pump out antibiotics to create resistance.

82
Q

Membrane Ca2+ transporters (ATP driven)

A

found in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membrane. Pumps on ER maintain low levels of intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondria kicks in when dangerous levels are reached

83
Q

Two signs of cell damage

A

hydropic swelling and intracellular accumulation

84
Q

programmed senescence theory of aging cells

A

cells undergo a finite number of replications because of chromosomal shortening

85
Q

electrochemical gradient (small molecule)

A

the gradient created by differences in solute charge and concentration outside and inside the cell

86
Q

Channel proteins (small molecule)

A

water-filled pore that goes through the lipid bilayer
opens and closes to allow ions to pas through the membrane

87
Q

ATP driven pumps (small molecule)

A

Protein pumps powered by ATP move solutes/molecules against an electrochemical gradient. Na+/K+ pump.

88
Q

catabolism

A

energy releasing break down of complex molecules (glucose to ATP)

89
Q

hyperplasia (potentially reversible)

A

increased mitotic cell NUMBER related to physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation
tropic hormones: breast and uterus
enlargement: liver, heart, thyroid, corns, and calluses

90
Q

characteristics of injury caused by intracellular accumulations (3)

A

-toxicity (cell cannot metabolize normal intracellular substances)
-provokes immune response-proteins initiate call for stress proteins called chaperone proteins. Inflammation from coal/tar and heavy metals
-crowd out organelles (cannot function and inhibits solute transport)

91
Q

Na+/K+ pump (ATP driven)

A

serves to maintain low Na+ and high K+ inside the cell

92
Q

atrophy (potentially reversible)

A

caused by disuse, denervation ischemia, nutrient starvation, interruption of endocrine signals, and persistent cell injury or aging

93
Q

Mitochondria

A

Duel membrane sphere or ovoid (25%)
responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP

94
Q

etiology

A

-study of causes or reasons for phenomena
-identifies casual factors acting in concert that provoke a particular disease or injury

95
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

simple squamous, simple columnar (microvilli/cillia), simple cuboidal, non keratinized stratified squamous, keratinized stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional.

96
Q

the main function of tumor suppressor genes

A

inhibits excessive proliferation of cells

97
Q

anabolism

A

energy-using metabolic process, synthesis of complex molecules

98
Q

Steps in metastasis (5)

A
  1. escape from basement membrane
  2. move through extracellular space
  3. enter blood or lymph vessel
  4. reaches tissue to be colonized and enters through basement membrane
  5. acquires nutrients and blood supply and starts to colonize
99
Q

Types of nerve tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

100
Q

wet gangrene

A

common to internal organs, cold, black, foul smell

101
Q

Systemic manifestations of irreversible injury (6)

A

general inflammatory response, malaise, fever, tachycardia, increased WBC, decreased appetite

102
Q

characteristics of benign tumors (4)

A

-site of the tumor will determine if it will harm the host
-does not invade adjacent tissue or spread
-possible encapsulation
-resembles tissue type of origin

103
Q

Three chemical mediators of inflammation

A

histamine
prostaglandin (pain)
kinin

104
Q

intracellular receptor-mediated responses

A

located in cell cytosol or nucleus
specific intracellular receptors bind with ligand, move to nucleus, and bind to specific genes that regulate their activity
cortisol and thyroid hormone

105
Q

phospholipid

A

differ in size, shape, and charge of polar heads
membrane-bound proteins require specific phospholipids

106
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a membrane that extends through the cytoplasm
transports protein and lipid components

107
Q

remission

A

decrease in severity of signs/symptoms, may indicate disease is cured

108
Q

Normal platelets?

A

300,000, anything below 150,000 is critical

109
Q

Functions of the cell (8)

A

respiration
metabolism
secretion
excretion
reproduction
movement
conduction
communication

110
Q

functions of the proteins in the cell membrane (5)

A

-transportation of nutrient molecules and waste
-structural links that connect plasma membrane to adjacent cells
-receptors that catalyze biochem reactions and respond to external signals
-transmembrane that extend across the bilayer to have contact outside and inside cell
-transduction brings extracellular signals into the cell

111
Q

active transport (small molecule)

A

energy is needed to transport ions and molecules in and out of the cell

112
Q

Interferon

A

protects against viral infections, produced and released by virally infected cells

113
Q

What are the 4 exceptions to the general tumor naming rules?

A

hepatoma, lymphoma, melanoma, leukemia, all malignant

114
Q

Common symptoms/signs of carcinomas (4)

A
  1. pain
  2. cachexia (wasting away)
  3. bone marrow suppression
  4. infection (main causes of cancer associated death)
115
Q

glycoprotein

A

contain sugar molecules at the polar head
involved in cell recognition and cell to cell communication

Patho/Pharm (11 decks)

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