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Patho/Pharm > Patho Exam 6 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Generalized seizure: Absence seizures

A

occurs in children, staring spells that last a few seconds

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2
Q

Causes of seizures

A

unknown
cerebral trauma
cerebral lesions
metabolic/nutritional disorders

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3
Q

decorticate response

A

mummy pose
flexion of arms, wrists, and fingers with adduction in upper extremities

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4
Q

neurogenic shock

A

form os distributive shock caused by the loss of the brainstem and higher center control of the sympathetic nervous system. Causes hypotension due to vasodilation.

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5
Q

serotonin

A

mood neurotransmitter
mood, appetite, social behavior, sexual drive, sleep, reminiscence, learning, and GI mobility

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6
Q

ACh

A

learning neurotransmitter
recollection, concentration, attention, muscular activities, thinking, and mood

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7
Q

cause of seizures in infants

A

infection and exposure to toxins in utero

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8
Q

Alzheimer’s pathology and risk factors

A

unknown cause
early neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus
followed by degeneration of neurons in cerebral cortex
intracellular neurofibrillary tangles
extracellular amyloid and tau plaques
risk factors related to age and family history

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9
Q

Parkinson’s etiology

A

Common onset age in 70s
More common in men

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10
Q

treatment of
ischemic stroke
hemorrhagic stroke

A

IS: minimizing infarct size and preserving neurologic function
HS: BP management, ICP monitoring and management

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11
Q

cause of seizures in elderly

A

stroke, Alzheimer’s, and tumors

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12
Q

classic symptoms of an acute subdural

A

headache, drowsiness, restlessness, agitation, and confusion

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13
Q

Receptive aphasia: transcortical motor/sensory

A

motor=nonfluent
sensory=fluent

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14
Q

loss of parasympathetic control

A

bradycardia and loss of the cardiac accelerator reflex

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15
Q

Receptive aphasia: word deafness

A

hears noise instead of words

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16
Q

generalized seizure

A

entire brain surface involved, including the thalamus and RAS. Loss of consciousness

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17
Q

main neurotransmitter for the PNS

A

ACh

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18
Q

prodoma

A

early sign of seizure. Headache, malaise, depression. May occur hours to days before seizure

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19
Q

treatment for meningococcal

A

rifampin

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20
Q

Cause of seizures in neonates

A

infection, congenital defect, premature

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21
Q

Epidural bleed

A

An artery is the source
Only 1-2% of bleeds
90% have skull fracture
temporal fossa
middle meningeal artery
can result in uncal herniation

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22
Q

coup (focal) injury
contra coup (polar) injury

A

coup is impact with surface
contracoup is the brain rebounding against the skull

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23
Q

Generalized seizure: tonic-clonic

A

jerking of many muscles

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24
Q

Receptive dysphasia: sensory/wernicke’s

A

trouble understanding what has been said to them

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25
Q

supratentorial vs infratentorial herniation

A

supra-brain tissue moves through tentorial notch
infra- tissue moves through the foramen magnum

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26
Q

What causes secondary ischemia?

A

edema

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27
Q

Generalized seizure: myoclonic

A

single or several jerks

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28
Q

Clinical manifestations of increasing ICP

A

headache, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, blurry vision, edema of optic disk, reduced pupillary response.

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29
Q

partial seizure: simple

A

no visible change

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30
Q

reperfusion injury

A

oxygen reenters cell after ischemia and produces reactive oxygen product similar to free radicals. Cell membranes undergo lipid peroxidation with formation of arachidonic acid which creates more free radicals.

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31
Q

Receptive aphasia: anomic

A

difficulty with word-finding, or naming items

32
Q

partial seizure with secondary genrealization

A

starts simple but goes to generalized

33
Q

cause of seizures in children

A

brain tumors, fevers, development

34
Q

signs and symptoms of systemic bacterial infection involving meninges

A

severe headache, photophobia, nuchal rigidity
decrease in LOC, cranial nerve palsies, focal deficits

35
Q

primary vs secondary spinal cord injuries

A

primary: injury related to immediate trauma of the spinal cord
secondary: injury is a result of ischemia, inflammatory response, edema, and other cellular activities that create lesions

36
Q

Parkinson’s complications

A

-weakness and akinesia
-dementia/neuropsych issues
-dysphagia
-orthostatic hypotension
-sleep disorders

37
Q

tonic

A

muscle contraction with excessive muscle tone. Stiffness, incontinence, epileptic cry, and back arched. Excitatory spread to the subcortical, thalamic, and brain stem and loss of consciousness.

38
Q

Parkinson’s clinical manifestations

A

slowing down in initiation and execution of movement
increased muscle tone/rigidity
tremor at rest
gait disturbance

39
Q

partial seizure

A

restricted to one hemisphere

40
Q

Numbers for mild, moderate, and severe of GCS

A

mild: 13-15
moderate: 9-12
severe: 3-8

41
Q

Clinical manifestations of Alzheimers

A

short term memory loss, long term memory loss intact
decline in ability to perform ADLs
decline in ability to swallow

42
Q

dyphasia

A

impaired comprehension of words, language, symbols, written or verbal

43
Q

Stroke sequelae

A

initial muscle flaccidity or paralysis, recovery of motor neurons starts with muscle rigidity
sensory disturbances occur in same locations as motor paralysis and may involve neglect or visual impairment

broca aphasia- poor articulation and sparse vocabulary
wernicke aphasia- word salad

part of brain damaged dictates cognitive impairments

44
Q

partial seizure: complex

A

change in consciousness

45
Q

Health history items for parkinson’s nursing assessment

A

excessive salivation
dysphagia
weight loss
difficulty with movements, falls, loss of dexterity
constipation
incontinence
diffuse pain
depression/mood swings
hallucinations

46
Q

agnosia

A

Loss of the ability to identify objects or people.

47
Q

Receptive aphasia: global

A

non-fluent

48
Q

Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s

A

degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra
disrupts dopamine-ACh balance in basal ganglia
Reduced dopamine affects posture, support, and voluntary motion

49
Q

dementia
-cause
-types

A

-loss of cognitive and functional intellect
-gradual decrease over months or years
-caused by stroke, metabolic, toxins, and demyelination
-85% alzheimer’s type dementia
-other is multiinfarct dementia

50
Q

Subdural bleed

A

venous source
10-20% of TBI
acute 48 hours
chronic- weeks to months
tearing of bridging veins
acute can result in herniation

51
Q

Receptive aphasia: conduction

A

inability to repeat words or phrases they have heard

52
Q

aphasia
common cause

A

Loss of comphrehension and production of language, spoken or written. Can either not speak or speak with word salad.
Related to stroke that involves middle cerebral artery.

53
Q

loss of impulses from the temperature regulatory center

A

unable to sweat below level of injury

54
Q

cause of seizures in young adults/adults

A

unknown or drugs/alcohol
tumors

55
Q

delirium

A

usually related to drug/toxin/metabolic disease process
sudden onset or gradual over a few days
loss of vigilance

56
Q

Cerebral perfusion pressure

A

60-100gHg

57
Q

Epi

A

Fight or Flight
Increased HR, tear production, and BP.

58
Q

Aura

A

a partial seizure that proceeds a generalized seizure, feel strange. Hallucinations, dizzy, numbness, confusion, and distorted emotions

59
Q

What causes primary ischemia?

A

blood clot

60
Q

autonomic dysreflexia

A

full bladder or constipation common cause
hypertension, bradycardia, headache, upper body flushing, and lower body vasoconstriction.

61
Q

status epilepticus

A

continuous series of seizures with no recovery between seizures

62
Q

postical

A

period immediately after seizure which can last for hours. Confusion, drowsiness, hypertension, weakness, headache, nausea, etc

63
Q

Causes of increased ICP

A

increased brain tissue volume:
tumor, hemorrhage, infection, edema, ischemia, and necrosis

increased cerebrospinal fluid:
hydrocephalus and pseudotumor

Increased blood volume:
increased right atrial pressure, dural sinus thrombosis, high arterial PaCO2, Acidosis

64
Q

dopamine

A

pleasure neurotransmitter
enthusiasm, cognition, recollection, awareness, decision-making, and sleep control.

65
Q

decerebrate response

A

all four extremeties in rigid extension, pointed toes, and turned out arms. Signals a worsening in condition, herniation.

66
Q

clonic

A

alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles, blinking eyes, frothy saliva. associated with inhibitory neurons stopping the seizure

67
Q

expressive aphasia/broca’s

A

non fluent, can’t find the word

68
Q

Three hallmark symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

-Tremor: initially minimal, more prominent at rest and is aggravated by stress. Pill rolling.
-Rigidity: jerky movements, sustained muscle contraction, soreness, fatigue, and pain.
-Bradykinesia: slow movement, loss of autonomic movement such as blinking, swallowing saliva, and facial expressions.

69
Q

Generalized seizure: Atypical absence

A

myoclonic jerks, automatisms with staring spell

70
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms

A

tremors, unsteady gait, and instability
bradykinesia
akinesia

71
Q

NorEpi

A

Increase HR and blood flow, increased RR, increased strength and performance

72
Q

main neurotransmitters for the SNS

A

epi and norepi

73
Q

treatment of increased ICP

A

decrease swelling- diuretics (mannitol)
control hypertension- nitroprusside
control bleeding
control pain and anxiety- profenol, morphine, and benzo
maintain tissue perfusion- oxygen

74
Q

Generalized seizure: atonic

A

falls down

75
Q

GABA

A

Calming neurotransmitter
Calms neurons in brain and CNS
relaxation, decreased stress, and stable mood

Patho/Pharm (11 decks)

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