Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho/Pharm > Patho Exam 6 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 6 Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Generalized seizure: Absence seizures

A

occurs in children, staring spells that last a few seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of seizures

A

unknown
cerebral trauma
cerebral lesions
metabolic/nutritional disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

decorticate response

A

mummy pose
flexion of arms, wrists, and fingers with adduction in upper extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neurogenic shock

A

form os distributive shock caused by the loss of the brainstem and higher center control of the sympathetic nervous system. Causes hypotension due to vasodilation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

serotonin

A

mood neurotransmitter
mood, appetite, social behavior, sexual drive, sleep, reminiscence, learning, and GI mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ACh

A

learning neurotransmitter
recollection, concentration, attention, muscular activities, thinking, and mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cause of seizures in infants

A

infection and exposure to toxins in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Alzheimer’s pathology and risk factors

A

unknown cause
early neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus
followed by degeneration of neurons in cerebral cortex
intracellular neurofibrillary tangles
extracellular amyloid and tau plaques
risk factors related to age and family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parkinson’s etiology

A

Common onset age in 70s
More common in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

treatment of
ischemic stroke
hemorrhagic stroke

A

IS: minimizing infarct size and preserving neurologic function
HS: BP management, ICP monitoring and management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cause of seizures in elderly

A

stroke, Alzheimer’s, and tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

classic symptoms of an acute subdural

A

headache, drowsiness, restlessness, agitation, and confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Receptive aphasia: transcortical motor/sensory

A

motor=nonfluent
sensory=fluent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

loss of parasympathetic control

A

bradycardia and loss of the cardiac accelerator reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Receptive aphasia: word deafness

A

hears noise instead of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

generalized seizure

A

entire brain surface involved, including the thalamus and RAS. Loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

main neurotransmitter for the PNS

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

prodoma

A

early sign of seizure. Headache, malaise, depression. May occur hours to days before seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

treatment for meningococcal

A

rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cause of seizures in neonates

A

infection, congenital defect, premature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epidural bleed

A

An artery is the source
Only 1-2% of bleeds
90% have skull fracture
temporal fossa
middle meningeal artery
can result in uncal herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

coup (focal) injury
contra coup (polar) injury

A

coup is impact with surface
contracoup is the brain rebounding against the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Generalized seizure: tonic-clonic

A

jerking of many muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Receptive dysphasia: sensory/wernicke’s

A

trouble understanding what has been said to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
supratentorial vs infratentorial herniation
supra-brain tissue moves through tentorial notch infra- tissue moves through the foramen magnum
26
What causes secondary ischemia?
edema
27
Generalized seizure: myoclonic
single or several jerks
28
Clinical manifestations of increasing ICP
headache, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, blurry vision, edema of optic disk, reduced pupillary response.
29
partial seizure: simple
no visible change
30
reperfusion injury
oxygen reenters cell after ischemia and produces reactive oxygen product similar to free radicals. Cell membranes undergo lipid peroxidation with formation of arachidonic acid which creates more free radicals.
31
Receptive aphasia: anomic
difficulty with word-finding, or naming items
32
partial seizure with secondary genrealization
starts simple but goes to generalized
33
cause of seizures in children
brain tumors, fevers, development
34
signs and symptoms of systemic bacterial infection involving meninges
severe headache, photophobia, nuchal rigidity decrease in LOC, cranial nerve palsies, focal deficits
35
primary vs secondary spinal cord injuries
primary: injury related to immediate trauma of the spinal cord secondary: injury is a result of ischemia, inflammatory response, edema, and other cellular activities that create lesions
36
Parkinson's complications
-weakness and akinesia -dementia/neuropsych issues -dysphagia -orthostatic hypotension -sleep disorders
37
tonic
muscle contraction with excessive muscle tone. Stiffness, incontinence, epileptic cry, and back arched. Excitatory spread to the subcortical, thalamic, and brain stem and loss of consciousness.
38
Parkinson's clinical manifestations
slowing down in initiation and execution of movement increased muscle tone/rigidity tremor at rest gait disturbance
39
partial seizure
restricted to one hemisphere
40
Numbers for mild, moderate, and severe of GCS
mild: 13-15 moderate: 9-12 severe: 3-8
41
Clinical manifestations of Alzheimers
short term memory loss, long term memory loss intact decline in ability to perform ADLs decline in ability to swallow
42
dyphasia
impaired comprehension of words, language, symbols, written or verbal
43
Stroke sequelae
initial muscle flaccidity or paralysis, recovery of motor neurons starts with muscle rigidity sensory disturbances occur in same locations as motor paralysis and may involve neglect or visual impairment broca aphasia- poor articulation and sparse vocabulary wernicke aphasia- word salad part of brain damaged dictates cognitive impairments
44
partial seizure: complex
change in consciousness
45
Health history items for parkinson's nursing assessment
excessive salivation dysphagia weight loss difficulty with movements, falls, loss of dexterity constipation incontinence diffuse pain depression/mood swings hallucinations
46
agnosia
Loss of the ability to identify objects or people.
47
Receptive aphasia: global
non-fluent
48
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's
degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra disrupts dopamine-ACh balance in basal ganglia Reduced dopamine affects posture, support, and voluntary motion
49
dementia -cause -types
-loss of cognitive and functional intellect -gradual decrease over months or years -caused by stroke, metabolic, toxins, and demyelination -85% alzheimer's type dementia -other is multiinfarct dementia
50
Subdural bleed
venous source 10-20% of TBI acute 48 hours chronic- weeks to months tearing of bridging veins acute can result in herniation
51
Receptive aphasia: conduction
inability to repeat words or phrases they have heard
52
aphasia common cause
Loss of comphrehension and production of language, spoken or written. Can either not speak or speak with word salad. Related to stroke that involves middle cerebral artery.
53
loss of impulses from the temperature regulatory center
unable to sweat below level of injury
54
cause of seizures in young adults/adults
unknown or drugs/alcohol tumors
55
delirium
usually related to drug/toxin/metabolic disease process sudden onset or gradual over a few days loss of vigilance
56
Cerebral perfusion pressure
60-100gHg
57
Epi
Fight or Flight Increased HR, tear production, and BP.
58
Aura
a partial seizure that proceeds a generalized seizure, feel strange. Hallucinations, dizzy, numbness, confusion, and distorted emotions
59
What causes primary ischemia?
blood clot
60
autonomic dysreflexia
full bladder or constipation common cause hypertension, bradycardia, headache, upper body flushing, and lower body vasoconstriction.
61
status epilepticus
continuous series of seizures with no recovery between seizures
62
postical
period immediately after seizure which can last for hours. Confusion, drowsiness, hypertension, weakness, headache, nausea, etc
63
Causes of increased ICP
increased brain tissue volume: tumor, hemorrhage, infection, edema, ischemia, and necrosis increased cerebrospinal fluid: hydrocephalus and pseudotumor Increased blood volume: increased right atrial pressure, dural sinus thrombosis, high arterial PaCO2, Acidosis
64
dopamine
pleasure neurotransmitter enthusiasm, cognition, recollection, awareness, decision-making, and sleep control.
65
decerebrate response
all four extremeties in rigid extension, pointed toes, and turned out arms. Signals a worsening in condition, herniation.
66
clonic
alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles, blinking eyes, frothy saliva. associated with inhibitory neurons stopping the seizure
67
expressive aphasia/broca's
non fluent, can't find the word
68
Three hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's
-Tremor: initially minimal, more prominent at rest and is aggravated by stress. Pill rolling. -Rigidity: jerky movements, sustained muscle contraction, soreness, fatigue, and pain. -Bradykinesia: slow movement, loss of autonomic movement such as blinking, swallowing saliva, and facial expressions.
69
Generalized seizure: Atypical absence
myoclonic jerks, automatisms with staring spell
70
Parkinson's symptoms
tremors, unsteady gait, and instability bradykinesia akinesia
71
NorEpi
Increase HR and blood flow, increased RR, increased strength and performance
72
main neurotransmitters for the SNS
epi and norepi
73
treatment of increased ICP
decrease swelling- diuretics (mannitol) control hypertension- nitroprusside control bleeding control pain and anxiety- profenol, morphine, and benzo maintain tissue perfusion- oxygen
74
Generalized seizure: atonic
falls down
75
GABA
Calming neurotransmitter Calms neurons in brain and CNS relaxation, decreased stress, and stable mood

Patho/Pharm (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions