Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho/Pharm > Pharm Exam 2 and 3 Hypertension and Heart Failure > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 2 and 3 Hypertension and Heart Failure Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the uses for hypertonic solutions?

A

Move fluid from inside the cell to out
hyponatremia or hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

digoxin therapeutic levels

A

.5-2ng/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydralazine (apresoline)
action
dosing
Uses
Adverse effects

A

antihypertensive, vasodilator
3-4 times a day
moderate to severe HTN, off label, HTN emergencies and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
flushing, headache, GI issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When are thiazides not effective?

A

When urine flow is scant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What factors affect electrolyte absorption?

A

concentration gradients
binding proteins
contents of the GI tract
pH of intestinal content
medications
surgical removal of GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What qualifies as high BP

A

> 80mmHg diastolic
130mmHg systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mechanism of action of crystalloid solutions?

A

Small molecules flow across semipermeable membranes allowing transfer from the bloodstream into cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

For lifestyle modifications, what is the ideal amount of daily sodium?

A

1500mg or less.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Uses for D5W

A

should not be used alone to treate low fluid volume
resuscitation
increased ICP
hypernatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A

decreased dietary potassium
shift from ECF into cells
increased excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two types of calcium channel blockers?

A

DHP (vascular selective) and Non-DHP (myocardial selective)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common loop diuretic?

A

Furosemide (Lasix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do diuretics work?

A

block sodium and chloride reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the four types of IV solutions?

A

crystalloids, colloids, isotonic, and hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

digoxin pharmacokinetics

A

rapid absorption and wide distrubution
lipophilic
rapid onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adverse effects of mannitol

A

edema, headache, N/V, and fluid/electrolyte imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What effects on the heart does Digoxin have?

A

strengthens contraction, slows heart rate and conduction velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hyponatremia causes

A

Too much water from excessive ADH release, excess water intake, or decreased Na intake
Too much salt being lost from thiazide diuretics and salt wasting renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Uses for .9% NaCl

A

treat low extracellular fluid from fluid loss
shock, mild hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, and hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Uses for digoxin

A

congestive heart failure: improves contractility
arrhythmias: slows conduction velocity through SA node and the refractory period at the AV nodes, decrease HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who should not be given lactated ringers?

A

People who cannot metabolize lactate like liver disease or lactic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which electrolytes are higher inside the cell?

A

potassium, magnesium, and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Effects of Beta 2 blocking

A

bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, and inhibits glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adverse effects of furosemide?

A

OTOXICITY
decreased sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium
dehydration
Hypotension due to loss of BV and relaxation of venous smooth muscle
hyperglycemia
hyperuricemia (uric acid)
disrupts lipid metabolism and reduces HDL, increases LDL and triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Therapeutic uses for spironolactone (potassium-sparing)
Hypertension Edema heart failure primary hyperaldosteronism PMS PCOS acne in women
26
What are the adverse effects of thiazides?
increased renal excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water elevate levels of uric acid and glucose
27
hyponatremia treament
treat cause, reduce water intake, Na tabs
28
treatement of digoxin toxicity
temporary pacemaker and digibind
29
Are the adverse effects of sudden stoppage of beta blockers?
hypertensive crisis bronchodialation rebound tachycardia hypoglycemia
30
What are calcium channel blockers effective for treating?
HTN and symptoms of angina
31
treatment for hyperkalemia
potassium removal Kayexalate
32
Uses for lactated ringer's
fluid replacement for burn patients, acute blood loss or hypovolemia
33
Adverse effects of spironolactone
increased potassium tumors endocrine effects
34
Lisinopril- type of drug absorption onset/peak duration excretion dosing
ACEi good absorption onset in 60 min/peak 6 hours 24 hour duration kidneys daily
35
Which electrolytes are higher outside the cell?
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions
36
Hypernatremia causes
More salt than water-dehydration Loss of more water than salt-hyperventilation, diabetes insipidus (not enough ADH), prolonged diarrhea/vomiting
37
Causes of hyperkalemia
increased IV intake, shift from cells to ECF, and decreased excretion
38
Mechanism of action of colloid solutions?
Remain in blood and increases fluid in blood.
39
Symptoms of hyperkalemia
!ascending muscle weakness and dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest intestinal cramping, diarrhea, finger and lips tingling
40
hydrochlorothiazide drug interactions
digoxin intensifies hypertensive medications lithium NSAIDS ototoxic drugs
41
mechanism of action for mannitol (osmotic diuretic)
promotes diuresis by creating osmotic forces within the lumen of the nephron
42
Digoxin toxicity signs and potassium component
early: anorexia, nausea, double vision, yellow vision, halos around objects late: arrhythmias, AV or complete heart block Must keep potassium above 3.2 or cardiotoxicity occurs.
43
What are the four anatomical locations BP drugs work on?
heart, blood vessels, CNS, and PNS
44
Hypernatremia treatment
treat cause, IV d5W (dextrose), increase water intake
45
What is the location of action for hydrochlorothiazide?
proximal section of the distal convoluted tubule
46
What is the onset for furosemide?
IV 5 mins PO 60 mins
47
What is systolic hypertension caused by?
stiff aorta and arteries
48
What is the onset of hydrochlorothiazide?
4-6 hours
49
Calcium channel blocker actions
blocks calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, lowers arterial pressure, and indirectly activates baroreceptor reflex (maintains BP).
50
Should furosemide be used in pregnancy?
Probably not
51
Hyponatremia symptoms (x<135mEq)
!seizures, coma, cerebral herniation confusion N/V muscle weakness/fatigue headaches restless/irritable
52
Losartan (cozaar) type of drug half life duration metabolism elimination
angiotension II receptor antagonists (ARB) 1.5-2 hours 24 hours P450 to active metabolite urine and feces
53
treatment for hypokalemia
potassium replacement (IV or oral)
54
Furosemide drug interactions
Digoxin Ototoxic drug (aminoglycosides) Potassium-sparing diuretics Lithium antihypertensive agents NSAIDs
55
Therapeutic uses of mannitol
prophylaxis of renal failure reduction of intracranial pressure reduction of intraocular pressure
56
Adverse effects of lisinopril
bradykinin (dry cough) !first dose hypotensive effect hyperkalemia angioedema pregnancy harm crosses placenta/breast milk
57
Hypokalemia symptoms
!respiratory paralysis, bilateral muscle weakness, and dysrhythmias (sudden death) abdominal distention and diminished bowel sounds polyuria
58
spironolactone drug interactions
thiazide and loop diuretics agents that raise potassium levels (ACEi)
59
What are the adverse effects of hydrochlorothiazide?
Decreased sodium, chloride, and potassium Increased uric acid and glucose Dehydration
60
Examples of isotonic solutions
.9% NaCl, lactated ringers, 5% dextrose in water, and ringer's solution
61
What is the mechanism of action for spironolactone?
blocks aldosterone in the distal nephron, retains potassium, increased excretion of sodium
62
What are the four major categories of diuretics?
loop, thiazide, osmotic, and potassium sparing (non/aldosterone antagonists)
63
For lifestyle modifications, what is the ideal amount of daily potassium?
3500-5000 mg
64
Can mannitol be taken orally?
no
65
What are the effects of ACE inhibitors?
arteriolar and venous dilation, suppression of aldosterone release, and reduced cardiac remodeling.
66
Side effects of beta blockers
bradycardia bronchioconstriction CNS depression hypotension fatigue sexual dysfunction masks symptoms of hypoglycemia
67
Hypernatremia symptoms (x>145mEq/L)
!seizures, coma, cerebral hemorrhage confusion, lethargy, thirst, weight gain, and increased BP
68
What are the therapeutic uses or hydrochlorothiazide?
essential hypertension, edema, diabetes insipidus
69
Cardiac glycoside
Digoxin
70
Name the 6 lines of heart failure medication?
1. diuretics 2. ACE inhibitors 3. beta blockers 4. digoxin if needed 5. aldosterone antagonist 6. vasodialators if angina is present
71
Nisoldipine (sular) Type of CCB Use Dosing Adverse effects
DHP CCB HTN daily headache, peripheral edema, dizziness, pharyngitis
72
What percentage of hypertension is primary?
90%
73
What are the uses for furosemide?
pulmonary edema, edematous states, hypertension
74
What are the four types of beta blockers?
Atenolol- B1 Carvedilol- A1, B1,B2 Metoprolol- B1 Propranolol-B1, B2
75
Normal values for potassium?
3.5-5 mEq/L
76
Effects of B1 blocking
reduced HR, decreased contraction, suppresses impulse conduction and renin secretion
77
What is the mechanism of action of furosemide?
acts on ascending loop of Henle to block the reabsorption of Na+
78
What is the most effective diuretic?
furosemide
79
What is the normal range of sodium?
135-145 mEq/L
80
Colloid solution examples
albumin, dextrans, and hydroxyethyl starches
81
lisinopril drug interactions
diuretics, NSAIDS, and other HTN agents
82
What are the adverse effects of diuretics?
hypovolemia, acid-base imbalance, and electrolyte imbalance
83
which three types of drugs cause hyperkalemia?
potassium-sparing diuretics, ace inhibitors, and ARBS
84
does digoxin prolong life?
no
85
What enzyme does digoxin act on?
Na/K ATPase
86
What causes digoxin-induced ventricular dysrhythmias?
Decreased automaticity of the SA node, decreased impulse conduction through the AV node, spontaneous discharge of Purkinje fibers, and shortening of the effective refractory period in the ventricle muscle.
87
how do you manage digoxin induced dysrhythmias?
withdraw digoxin and K+ wasting diuretics monitor serum K+ antidysrhythmic drug Treatment with Digifab or activated charcoal
88
the therapeutic range of digoxin
.5-.8 ng/mL
89
ace inhibitors
lisinopril, captopril, enalapril
90
aldosterone antagonist
spironolactone
91
inotropics
digoxin
92
alpha and beta blockers
carvedilol
93
vasodilators
isosorbide and apresoline
94
human B natriuretic peptide
nesiritide IV only
95
verapamil- drug type uses side effects/contraindications dosing/administration
calcium channel blocker reduce heart rate, reduce AV conduction, reduce heart contractility HTN for people with afib, angina, supraventricular tachycardia, and cluster headaches constipation and not for nursing mothers PO/IV

Patho/Pharm (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions