patho exam 4

Question 1

myelinated peripheral neurons have capacity for

Answer 1

regeneration

Question 2

substance P transmitters are

Answer 2

specific neurotransmitters for Pain

Question 3

prefrontal lobe function

Answer 3

function of frontal lobe is goal oriented behavior, short term or recall memory, thought, movement, decision making

Question 4

Broca area function

Answer 4

motor speech

Question 5

occipital lobe function

Answer 5

visual cortex

Question 6

medulla oblongata

Answer 6

Connects the cardiovascular and respiratory systems- control reflex activities such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure coughing sneezing swallowing and vomitting

Question 7

Anatomy of the tentorium cerebelli

Answer 7

separates the cerebellum below from the cerebral structures above

Question 8

Function of CN 1

Answer 8

Olfactory nerve sense of smell

Question 9

function of arachnoid villi

Answer 9

absorption of CSF- Directs CSF outflow into the blood but preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid space

Question 10

astrocyte cells

Answer 10

closely supported to the blood brain barrier

Question 11

vagus nerve stimulates

Answer 11

cardiac muscle and GI lining

Question 12

alpha 1 receptors

Answer 12

when a patient starts a new medication, alpha 1 receptors are activated and they vasodilate- they lower bp, slow gastric motility, widen eyes

Question 13

How much cardiac output does the brain need

Answer 13

20% or 800-1000 ml

Question 14

cerebral aneurysm is located in

Answer 14

the brain around the circle of willis

Question 15

if pituitary gland was removed which hormone will decrease

Answer 15

ADH . TSH, FSH

Question 16

In osteoporosis if the provider prescribed calcitonin it will

Answer 16

inhibit calcium reabsorption to the bones

Question 17

insulin is regulated by

Answer 17

serum glucose levels in the blood

Question 18

cause of type 1 DM

Answer 18

pancreas is no longer producing insulin from destruction of pancreas cells- needs insulin

Question 19

Cause of type 2 DM

Answer 19

genetics-environmental interaction

Question 20

Complications of Type 1 DM with Elevated glucose and patient in DKA

Answer 20

will have insulin deficiency, lipid metabolism, ketones in urine (ketonuria)

Question 21

complications of DM

Answer 21

Hyper and hypoglycemia

Question 22

3 Ps of DM pt

Answer 22

polyuria polydipsia polyphagia

Question 23

Manifestations of diabetes induced kidney dysfunction

Answer 23

Pt will have kidney disease because the hyperglycemia causes micro albumin to get stuck in the kidney cells causing dysfunction

Question 24

Poorly controlled DM 2 is related to

Answer 24

related to atherosclerosis - vasculature in the heart and body is affected by DM

Question 25

Complications of cushing's disease

Answer 25

trunkal obesity, moon face, hyperpigmentation from increased cortisol

Question 26

Cause of Addisons disease

Answer 26

autoimmune reaction causing an increased secretion of cortisol and aldosterone - hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism

Question 27

hyperaldosteronism pt will have

Answer 27

HYPOkalemia

Question 28

most common type of traumatic brain injury aka concussion

Answer 28

frontal lobe

Question 29

Chronic subdural hematoma can be seen in patients who have

Answer 29

alcoholism, ETOH , and drug abuse with opiates

Question 30

mild concussion will be seen as

Answer 30

patient would have retrograde amnesia

Question 31

open skull fracture pt has a risk of

Answer 31

huge risk of meningeal infection bc skull protects meninges

Question 32

diffuse brain injury

Answer 32

entire brain will be swollen on CT scan

Question 33

Autonomic hyperreflexia presents as

Answer 33

pt will be very hypertensive, usually from spinal cord injury

Question 34

Spondylolisthesis

Answer 34

back pain, no history of trauma, MRI diagnoses this- vertebrae is forward causing severe pain- vertebrae slides anteriorly in relation to the vertebrae below

Question 35

Stroke contributing factors

Answer 35

pt who smokes, pt has uncontrolled hypertension, pt whos diabetic

Question 36

Thrombotic stroke RF

Answer 36

pt has afib and not on an anticoagulant, old patient whose very dehydrated causing a clot, hypertensive pt

Question 37

Whos at highest risk for having a stroke (CVA)

Answer 37

Patients older than 65, african american pt

Question 38

how does MS present

Answer 38

chronic disease of the CNS- slow disease progression causes muscle weakness, vision changes

Question 39

Myasthenia gravis pt presents as

Answer 39

pt is going to admit to generalized muscle weakness, nothing is working for this patient despite supplements

Question 40

Drug of choice to treat MG

Question 41

brain abscess early symptoms

Answer 41

low grade fever. headache, nausea/vomitting

Question 42

late symptoms of brain abscess

Answer 42

neck rigidity, projectile vomiting

Question 43

cerebral palsy

Answer 43

disorder of movement/muscle tone that is caused by injury or abnormal development of the immature brain - up to 1 years old

Question 44

Tay-sachs disease presents in

Answer 44

present in infants - muscle rigidity, genetic disease primarily in mother or father of Ashkenazi jewish descent

Question 45

viral meningitis is secondary to

Answer 45

measles and mumps

Question 46

brain tumors in children commonly located in the

Answer 46

back of the brain structures

Question 47

neuroblastoma location

Answer 47

most commonly found in retroperitoneal region in the adrenal medulla

Question 48

abdominal aortic aneurysm presents

Answer 48

asymptomatic outside of rupture

Question 49

abdominal aortic aneurysm s/s

Answer 49

severe back and abdomen pain, uneven BP, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting, claudication symptom such as leg pain aneurysms are very high risk- has to be bigger than 5 cm to operate on this

Question 50

DVT Can be from provoked or unprovoked event-

Answer 50

thrombosis can be occlusive or nonocclusive in deep system of legs or arms Can occur from a provoked event such as sitting, travel, trauma (fall or malignancy) Unprovoked event- pt hasn't done anything and develops leg swelling

Question 51

PAD

Answer 51

secondary condition- presents with pain in the feet and toes, arterial wounds, pt feels better with legs dangling , pt may have “rest pain” - pain when sleeping and intermittent claudaication or pain when at rest

Question 52

PVD

Answer 52

PVD- swelling in legs, hyperpigmentation, pt benefits with elevation of the legs

Question 53

Varicose veins

Answer 53

presents as edema, pain in legs- dvt has to be ruled out Pregnant women at high risk- main cause from long periods of standing

Question 54

venous insufficiency

Answer 54

leg swelling, venous insufficiency wounds - weeping wounds

Question 55

Superior vena cava syndrome

Answer 55

venous distention in upper extremities such as shoulders- from chronic occlusion of the superior vena cava in the heart