patho exam 5

Question 1

how much cardiac output goes to the kidneys

Answer 1

20-25%

Question 2

Diuresis results in what side effect

Answer 2

hypokalemia

Question 3

most common type of renal stones are

Answer 3

calcium deposit stones- doctor will recommend low calcium diet to prevent hypercalcemia

Question 4

what is hypospadias anatomy

Answer 4

urethral meatus opening located on ventral side of penis rather than the tip

Question 5

chordee

Answer 5

results from hypospadias- penis is curved or twisted (torsion)

Question 6

wilms tumor

Answer 6

nephroblastoma- tumor of the kidney, causes kidney dysfunction

Question 7

wilms tumor is diagnosed by

Answer 7

a biopsy- child will have abd swelling

Question 8

nocturnal emesis

Answer 8

nighttime wetting

Question 9

primary and secondary emesis

Answer 9

primary- child hasnt been fully potty trained
secondary- child has a period of dryness then wets the bed

Question 10

compact bone vs spongy bone

Answer 10

compact is tightly packed bone
spongy is more porous

Question 11

volkmann canal

Answer 11

allows large blood vessels to penetrate the inner structures of our bones- found in larger bones

Question 12

diarthrosis

Answer 12

found in all synovial joints, helps joint move freely

Question 13

symphysis

Answer 13

fibrocartilage that connects the bone

Question 14

synchondrosis

Answer 14

Hyland cartilage found in epithelial growth plates of growing child

Question 15

troponin and tropomyosin

Answer 15

Enzymes produced to prevent muscle contraction

Question 16

pt with tremor will have low

Answer 16

troponin and tropomyosin bc their muscles are constantly contracting

Question 17

sarcopenia

Answer 17

progressive disease that causes decrease in muscle mass and strength of the bones

Question 18

what is subluxation

Answer 18

partial dislocation- Contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost not fully lost

Question 19

sprain

Answer 19

Tear or injury to a ligament

Question 20

strain

Answer 20

tear or injury to a muscle or tendon

Question 21

Epicondylopathy

Answer 21

tear of a tendon where it attaches to a bone- found at the end of long bones such as elbow

Question 22

epicondylopathy are related to what injury

Answer 22

tennis elbow (lateral) golfer elbow (medial)

Question 23

epicondylopathy is diagnosed how

Answer 23

MRi

Question 24

Rhabdomyolysis s/s triad

Answer 24

Muscle pain
Weakness
Dark urine

Question 25

how is rhabdomyolysis diagnosed

Answer 25

Diagnosed when Creatinine Kinase level is five to ten times higher then normal due to protein released from muscle damage

Question 26

osteoporosis

Answer 26

Metabolic bone disease, Poorly mineralized bone and increased risk of fractures, old bone reabsorbed faster than new bone is made

Question 27

manifestations of osteoporosis

Answer 27

Pain and bone deformity because of fracture Kyphosis, Hunchback caused by vertebral collapse

Question 28

osteomalacia

Answer 28

Metabolic disease, characterized by inadequate and delayed mineralization of osteoid. Soft bone disease"

Question 29

osteomalacia results from

Answer 29

Vit D deficiency

Question 30

Causes of Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 30

autoimmune chronic disease, cause unknown- multifactorial

Question 31

Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 31

chronic Inflammatory joint disease of the spine or sacroiliac joints causing stiffening and fusion of the joints

Question 32

how to help ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 32

Weight loss, Strengthen pelvic muscles & holistic measures

Question 33

Fibromyalgia is chronic __

Answer 33

Chronic widespread diffuse joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points

Question 34

check hip clicking in children to assess for

Answer 34

hip dysplasia look for odonalic click in hips, check heel length

Question 35

Osgood Schlatter disease

Answer 35

Inflammation of patellar tendon Growing teenage boys

Question 36

Duchenne Muscular dystrophy

Answer 36

short life span, debilitating

Question 37

treatment of duchenne

Answer 37

steroids, long term care

Question 38

osteosarcoma is present in what bones

Answer 38

the distal bones

Question 39

ewing sarcoma is

Answer 39

a tumor that affects the small round cells in the bone marrow and soft tissue

Question 40

functions of nasopharynx

Answer 40

The nasopharynx allows air to flow from the nose to the lungs by connecting the nasal passages to the rest of the respiratory system , humidify

Question 41

cells that create surfactant are

Answer 41

type 2 alveolar cells

Question 42

surfactant helps prevent

Answer 42

the alveoli from collpasing

Question 43

Pulm function tests test for

Answer 43

vital capacity

Question 44

vital capacity is

Answer 44

the maximum amount of CO2 that is expired

Question 45

empyema

Answer 45

pus in the pleural space of the lungs- dark sludgy

Question 46

what causes empyema

Answer 46

Pseudomonas or staph bacteria causes this

Question 47

asthma is

Answer 47

chronic inflammation of the airways- genetic and environmental factors such as allergens and pollution= mast cells activation

Question 48

asthma wheeze

Answer 48

Expiratory wheeze- musical sounds- from air going through a narrow airway

Question 49

Pneumonia

Answer 49

lower respiratory tract infection caused by bacteria or viral

Question 50

Tuberculosis is

Answer 50

infection by the mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 51

TB is spread by

Answer 51

airborne transmission - need negative pressure roon

Question 52

TB tested how

Answer 52

Acid Fast test

Question 53

who is at highest risk for a PE

Answer 53

Pregnant woman

Question 54

PE most commonly arise from

Answer 54

deep veins in the lower legs

Question 55

what has to be ruled out for a PE

Answer 55

Rule out R heart strain w/ echocardiogram

Question 56

s/s of PE

Answer 56

SOB, tachycardia

Question 57

croup

Answer 57

viral infection in peds, barking cough

Question 58

what helps croup

Answer 58

cold air

Question 59

resp distress syndrome happens when

Answer 59

Newborn demonstrates RDS after birth

Question 60

influenza complications

Answer 60

bronchitis obliterans- Occlusion of bronchus due to the influenza

Question 61

cystic fibrosis

Answer 61

Autosomal recessive inherited disease

Question 62

cystic fibrosis tested how

Answer 62

Test amount of chloride in sweat- chloride sweat test to diagnose

Question 63

SIDS happens most when

Answer 63

2 to 4 months lay baby on back , NO co sleeping

Question 64

sublaxation s/s

Question 65

major complication of osteoporosis

Answer 65

fractures

Question 66

secondary osteoporosis

Answer 66

caused by conditions such as Hormonal imbalances Medications Disease

Question 67

gold standard for detecting osteoporosis

Answer 67

dual x ray