PATHO - FINALS L1 (Neurologic Disorders)

Question 1

Conditions that affect the nervous system

Answer 1

Neurologic Disorders

Question 2

A medical assessment to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including: Motor Skills, Reflexes and Sensory Function

Answer 2

Neurologic Examination

Question 3

Signs or complaints related to nerve function, such as headaches, dizziness, weakness, or numbness

Answer 3

Neurologic Symptoms

Question 4

Characterized by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain; leading to increased intracranial pressure resulting to brain swelling, damage, and developmental delays

Answer 4

Hydrocephalus

Question 5

Hydrocephalus treatment usually comes in the form of the insertion of a _____ to drain excess CSF

Answer 5

Shunt

Question 6

A structural defect wherein the cerebellum extends/descends into the spinal canal, therefore obstructing CSF flow

Answer 6

Chiari Malformation

Question 7

A rare congenital brain malformation characterized as the cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle and the absence/underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis

Answer 7

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

Question 8

The brain fails to develop the normal folds and grooves, usually caused by abnormal neuronal migration during early fetal development

Answer 8

Lissencephaly

Question 9

Lissencephaly is also called as ______

Answer 9

Smooth Brain

Question 10

A neural tube defect where the spinal cord and surrounding vertebrae fail to develop or close properly during early pregnancy

Answer 10

Spina Bifida

Question 11

Enumerate the types of Spina Bifida (3):

Answer 11

1. Spina Bifida Occulta
2. Meningocele
3. Myelomeningocele

Question 12

Mildest form of Spina Bifida often with no symptoms

Answer 12

Spina Bifida Occulta

Question 13

Protrusion of meninges but spinal cord is intact

Answer 13

Meningocele

Question 14

Most severe form of Spina Bifida where spinal cord and meninges protrude

Answer 14

Myelomeningocele

Question 15

A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, leading to the growth of neurofibromas along the nerves and skin

Answer 15

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)

Question 16

The following are symptoms of NF1 EXCEPT:

A. Learning Disabilities
B. Skin Changes
C. Skeletal Abnormalities
D. NOTA

Answer 16

D. NOTA

Question 17

A rare genetic disorder that causes the growth of non-cancerous tumours in multiple organs including the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin

Answer 17

Tuberous Sclerosis

Question 18

Non-cancerous tumours by Tuberous Sclerosis are called ____

Answer 18

Hamartomas

Question 19

Group of inherited disorders that affect the white matter of the brain

Answer 19

Leukodystrophies

Question 20

What is the protective covering of nerve fibers that are deteriorated by Leukodystrophies ?

Answer 20

Myelin

Question 21

An inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the FXN gene, leading to degeneration of the spinal cord and cerebellum

Answer 21

Friedreich’s Ataxia

Question 22

This stands for loss of coordination

Answer 22

Ataxia

Question 23

A group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive ataxia due to degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord.

Answer 23

Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)

Question 24

A chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the CNS where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin

Answer 24

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 25

An autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord

Answer 25

Neuromyelitis Optica

Question 26

Neuromyelitis Optica is also known as _______

Answer 26

Devic's Disease

Question 27

A rare, inflammatory condition that involves widespread inflammation and demyelination in the CNS, typically affecting the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 27

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Question 28

Another alternative treatment for ADEM is in the form of _______ to treat severe cases.

Answer 28

Intravenous Immunoglobulin

Question 29

Inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 29

Meningitis

Question 30

Inflammation of the brain caused by infection, often by viruses

Answer 30

Encephalitis

Question 31

Enumerate the three (3) viruses that may cause Encephalitis:

Answer 31

1. Herpes Simplex Virus 2. West Nile Virus 3. Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Question 32

A localized collection of pus in the brain tissue due to infection due to sinusitis, otitis media, and other bacterial spread from other parts of the body via the bloodstream

Answer 32

Brain Abscess

Question 33

Form of meningitis that serves as a rare but serious complication of TB.

Answer 33

Tuberculous Meningitis

Question 34

Bacteria responsible for Tuberculous Meningitis

Answer 34

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Question 35

A severe complication infecting the red blood cells and can lead to cerebral involvement

Answer 35

Cerebral Malaria

Question 36

Parasite responsible for Cerebral Malaria

Answer 36

Plasmodium Falciparum

Question 37

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior, serving as the most common cause of dementia in older adults

Answer 37

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 38

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that occurs due to loss of dopamine-producing neurons

Answer 38

Parkinson's Disease

Question 39

Region of the brain that controls movement

Answer 39

Substantia Nigra

Question 40

A genetic, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that comes on in mid-life and characterized by the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain

Answer 40

Huntington's Disease

Question 41

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventual paralysis

Answer 41

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Question 42

ALS is also known as _________

Answer 42

Lou Gehrig's Disease

Question 43

A group of neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, serving as one of the leading causes of dementia in people under 65

Answer 43

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

Question 44

A group of brain tumors that originate from glial cells, developing in the brain or spinal cord and vary widely in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis.

Answer 44

Gliomas

Question 45

Enumerate the three (3) types of Gliomas:

Answer 45

1. Astrocytomas 2. Oligodendrogliomas 3. Ependymomas

Question 46

Tumors that arise from the meninges that are typically benign but can be malignant in rare cases

Answer 46

Meningiomas

Question 47

Tumors that arise from the pituitary gland that can be benign or malignant and affect the production of various hormones

Answer 47

Pituitary Tumors

Question 48

The most common type of Pituitary Tumors

Answer 48

Pituitary Adenomas

Question 49

Benign tumors that arise near the pituitary glands

Answer 49

Craniopharyngiomas

Question 50

Malignant brain tumors which typically arise in the brain cerebellum most common in children but can also occur in adults

Answer 50

Medulloblastomas

Question 51

Benign tumors that develop from Schwann Cells, typically occurring on cranial or spinal nerves

Answer 51

Schwannomas

Question 52

Spinal cord tumors that develop within the spinal cord itself, typically arising from glial cells or neurons.

Answer 52

Intramedullary Tumors

Question 53

IT from ependymal cells lining the spinal cord's central canal

Answer 53

Ependymomas

Question 54

IT from astrocytes

Answer 54

Astrocytomas

Question 55

Two (2) types of Intramedullary Tumors:

Answer 55

1. Ependymomas 2. Astrocytomas

Question 56

Spinal tumors that develop outside the spinal cord, typically in the meninges or from nerve roots, often benign but can cause significant symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord or nerves

Answer 56

Extramedullary Tumors

Question 57

Benign tumors of the meninges

Answer 57

Meningiomas

Question 58

Benign tumors of nerve tissue

Answer 58

Neurofibromas

Question 59

Tumors from Schwann Cells of peripheral nerves

Answer 59

Schawannomas

Question 60

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance ?

Answer 60

Cerebellum

Question 61

Refers to anything related to the nervous system

Answer 61

Neurologic / Neurological

Question 62

Responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions, from basic reflexes to complex cognitive processes.

Answer 62

Nervous System

Question 63

What are the two divisions of the Nervous System ?

Answer 63

1. Central Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System

Question 64

Division of the Nervous System covering only the brain and spinal cord

Answer 64

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 65

TRUE OR FALSE ALS can cause paralysis

Answer 65

TRUE

Question 66

These are the supportive cells of the nervous system

Answer 66

Glial Cells

Question 67

Protective layers that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

Answer 67

Meninges

Question 68

TRUE OR FALSE Steroids may not be used for treatment and symptom management for some neurologic disorders

Answer 68

FALSE Pwede Steroids

Question 69

A child with a family history of HD has a _____ % chance to inherit the said pathology under an autosomal dominant pattern

Answer 69

50

Question 70

Spaces that are fluid-filled within the brain

Answer 70

Ventricles / Cavities of the Brain