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Y2 Renal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is nephritis?

A

inflammation of the kidney

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2
Q

what is infective nephritis called?

A

pyelonephritis

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3
Q

what is not infective nephritis called?

A

glomerulonephritis

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4
Q

what are the three groups of causes of glomerulonephritis?

A

immune attack of the glomerulus
stuck immune complexes
vasculitis

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5
Q

what is an example of a disease that causes glomerulonephritis by an immune attack of the glomerulus?

A

goodpasture’s syndrome

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6
Q

what infections can cause immune complexes to become stuck in the glomerulus?

A

hepatitis
bacteria - strep
HIV

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7
Q

what drugs can cause immune complexes to become stuck in the glomerulus?

A

gold

penicillamine

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8
Q

what cancers are often associated with glomerulonephritis?

A

lymphomas

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9
Q

how does nephritic syndrome present? (2)

A

haematuria

hypertension

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10
Q

what triad of clinical features does nephrotic syndrome present with?

A

heavy proteinuria
oedema
hyperlipidaemia

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11
Q

what do crescents on pathology of the glomerulus suggest?

A

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

this is bad

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12
Q

what three tests are done on a renal biopsy?

A

light microscopy
electron microscopy
immunofluorescence

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13
Q

what would be seen upon immunofluorescence of a glomerulus in goodpasture’s?

A

linear IgG

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14
Q

what is the cause of minimal change disease?

A

unknown

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15
Q

who gets minimal change disease?

A

usually children

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16
Q

does minimal change disease present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?

A

nephrotic

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17
Q

what is given for minimal change disease?

A

steroids

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18
Q

what does FSGS stand for?

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

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19
Q

name four causes of FSGS

A

obesity
HIV
sickle cell disease
IV drug use

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20
Q

who gets FSGS?

A

usually adults

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21
Q

does FSGS present with a nephrotic or nephritic sydnrome?

A

nephritic

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22
Q

name five cause of membranous glomerulonephritis

A 
infections 
drugs 
malignancy 
lupus 
autoimmune disease
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23
Q

what infections can cause membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

hepatitis
malaria
syphilis

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24
Q

what drugs can cause membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

penicillamine
NSAIDs
captopril
gold

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25
what malignancies can cause membranous glomerulonephritis?
lung colon melanoma
26
who gets membranous glomerulonephritis?
adults usually
27
does membranous glomerulonephritis present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?
nephrotic
28
what is the appearance of membranous glomerulonephritis on pathology?
thick membrane subepithelial immune deposits spikes
29
what causes IgA glomerulonephritis?
genetic acquired - coeliac usually post infectious
30
does IgA glomerulonephritis present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?
nephritic
31
what is seen on immunofluorescence of IgA glomerulonephritis?
IgA deposition in the mesangium
32
what cause membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
idiopathic
33
who gets membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
adults and children
34
does membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis present with a nephrotic or nephritic syndrome?
can be either
35
what is seen on pathology of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
large lobulated glomeruli with thick membranes tram track appearance
36
what are the nodules seen in diabetic glomerulosclerosis called?
kimmel stiel wilson lesions
37
what microvascular renal disease can diabetes cause?
arterial sclerosis
38
what infections of the kidney can diabetes cause?
pyelonephritis | papillary necrosis
39
what score can be used to predict renal cancer in cysts?
bosniak score
40
what are acquired renal cysts often associated with?
long term dialysis
41
what cause ADPCKD?
mutations in nephrin
42
what happens to the kidneys in ADPCKD?
develop many cysts | kidney becomes large
43
what lines the cysts in ADPCKD?
simple epithelium
44
what are possible secondary effects of the cysts in ADPCKD?
haemorrhage infarction rupture
45
what two systemic effects can occur in ADPCKD?
liver disease | cerebral aneurysms
46
what is a benign tumour of the kidney called?
oncocytoma
47
describe the gross appearance of oncocytoma
mahogany brown | central stellate scar
48
describe the appearance of oncocytoma on pathology
pink | granular cytoplasm
49
what are the four malignant tumours of the kidney?
chromophobe carcinoma clear cell carcinoma papillary carcinoma collecting duct carcinoma
50
what are chromophobe carcinomas histologically similar to?
oncocytomas
51
what is the most common renal cancer?
clear cell carcinoma
52
what are two risk factors for clear cell carcinoma?
obesity | genetic links
53
how does clear cell carcinoma often present?
haematuria palpable mass hypertension
54
describe the gross appearance of clear cell carcinoma
bright yellow
55
where does clear cell carcinoma often spread to?
the renal vein can spread up the vena cava
56
what is the least common and worst renal cancer?
collecting duct carcinoma
57
what is a paediatric renal tumour?
wilm's tumour
58
what lines the bladder?
urothelium
59
what is cystitis?
inflammation of the bladder
60
what can chronic inflammation of the bladder lead to?
squamous metaplasia increased risk for SCC
61
what parasite causes cystitis?
schistosomiasis
62
how does aseptic cystitis present?
persistent symptoms with persistently negative cultures
63
what is cystitis cystica?
infolding of the bladder mucosa into cysts
64
what happens to the kidney in urinary tract obstruction?
dilates | parenchyma becomes atrophic
65
what is another name for dilation of the collecting system?
hydronephrosis
66
what is the biggest risk factor for bladder cancer?
smoking
67
what are the two types of lesions seen in transitional cell carcinoma>
``` papillary (lower grade) flat CIS (higher) ```
68
what is BXO and where does it affect?
balantitis xerotic obliterans the penis
69
what is another name for BXO?
lichen sclerosus
70
what causes BXO?
unknown
71
who gets BXO?
usually young patients
72
what causes papilloma of the penis?
HPV low risk = 6 + 11 high risk = 16 + 18
73
what is PEiN?
penile intraepithelial neoplasia essentially a carcinoma in situ
74
what are the two types of PEiN?
differentiated | dedifferentiated
75
which type of PEiN is associated with HPV?
dedifferentiated
76
what is a hydrocele?
accumulation of fluid around the testes between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
77
what is spermatocele?
a cystic change within the vas of the epididymis
78
what is varicocele?
varicosities of the venous plexus that drain the testes
79
what age group is associated with testicular cancer?
20-40's
80
what is the prognosis of testicular cancer?
generally good at all stages
81
testicular cancer is a cancer of what cells?
germ cells
82
what are the two groups of testicular cancer?
seminoma | non seminoma
83
what is the most common type of testicular cancer?
seminoma
84
what is a risk factor for testicular cancer?
undescended testes
85
which type of testicular cancer is most aggressive?
non seminoma
86
are mature teratomas benign or malignant in males?
malignant
87
what is found in a mature teratoma?
aspects of the three ger, layers
88
what are three types of malignancy that may be found in a mature teratoma?
yolk sac embryonal trophoblast (choriocarcinoma)
89
what tumour marker is produced by yolk sac tumours?
AFP
90
what tumour marker is produced by a choriocarcinoma?
beta HCG patients would have a positive pregnancy test

Y2 Renal (29 decks)

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