Pathology Flashcards
(16 cards)
what part of the basal ganglia is damaged in PD
damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta causes
Parkinson’s disease
This is where dopamine is produced. Dopamine activates the direct pathway (leading to movement) and inhibits the indirect pathway (not leading to movement).
Dopa decarboxylase uses the cofactor __________to convert DOPA to dopamine
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) which is the active form of vitamin B6 The precursor of DOPA is tyrosine
noradrenergic neurons, Dopamine is further
converted to norepinephrine by ____________
dopamine β-hydroxylase
which occurs in the storage vesicles
______________ converts tyrosine to DOPA
tyrosine hydroxylase
Serotonergic neurons originate from the __________-
raphe nuclei in the pons and medulla and project their axons to affect nerve cells in all brain regions
Oligoclonal bands are characteristically seen in cases
multiple sclerosis (on CSF; has to be specially ordered)
what is the cause and sx of lateral medullary syndrome
To remember the cause and the symptoms of the lateral medullary syndrome (aka Wallenberg syndrome): Try not to pick a (PICA) horse (hoarseness) with horns (horner syndrome) that can’t eat (dysphagia).
What is the most common presentation in a patient with a posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarct?
Homonymous hemianopsia (a condition in which a person sees only one side ― right or left ― of the visual world of each eye)
A patient presents with lower extremity weakness, sensory loss, limb apraxia, and incontinence. Where is the most likely site of the lesion?
anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Which type of ischemic stroke is seen with a lacunar infarct in the internal capsule?
pure motor hemiplegia
Mesial temporal sclerosis
Aura with rising epigastric sensation
^ what do these findings describe
temporal lobe epilepsy
what is the clinical picture of Benign Rolandic Epilepsy of Childhood
Most common form of focal epilepsy in childhood
Onset 4-12 yo
Nocturnal generalized tonic clonic sz → occur at night or in am
a/w drooling +/- speech arrest
most likely cause of CN VII compression at the cerebellopontine angle
The most likely cause of CN VII compression at the cerebellopontine angle is a schwannoma. Schwannomas can develop in any cranial or peripheral nerve but most commonly arises from CN VIII (i.e., acoustic neuroma/vestibular schwannoma).
intracranial HTN is defined as
ICP >20mmHg
damage to the watershed area between MCA and ACA causes
man in a barrel syndrome (I.e. shoulders and arms with sparing of hands)
mn: wAter SHed
A=arms
SH=shoulders
at which point in the brainstem is the medial lemniscus affected by a lateral injury?
in the Midbrain in lateral midbrain syndrome, along with the red nucleus
in all other brainstem strokes, it’s affected only in medial syndromes
