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3rd Year > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Nonneoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva are

A

Lichen sclerosus
Lichen cimolex chronicus

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2
Q

Lichen sclerosus

A

Atrophic epithelium
Subepithelial dermal fibrosis
Bandlike chronic inflammation

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3
Q

Lichen simplex chronicus

A

Hyperkeratosis
Hyperplasia

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4
Q

Most common congenital kidney diseases

A

ADPKD
RENAL DYSPLASIA

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5
Q

ADPKD

A

10% of patients on maintenance renal dialysis
GENE IS PKD1 95%
Kidneys replaced with fluid filled cysts
Diagnoses only during adulthood
Causes renal failure

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6
Q

What’s is the most important complication of ADPKD

A

Hypertension

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7
Q

Which disease weights as much as 4 kg for each kidney

A

ADPKD

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8
Q

Cystic renal dysplasia

A

It’s a developmental abnormality
Can unilateral and bilateral
Kidney has immature nephrons
Cystic dilatations

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9
Q

Unilateral cystic dysplasia

A

More common then bilateral
Abdominal palpations
Abnormal mass
Non progressive
Non invasive
Replacement of the renal parenchyma with cluster of cysts

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10
Q

Bilateral cystic dysplasia

A

Associated with urinary tract abnormalities
Renal failure in neonatal period
Both kidneys don’t developed properly in the womb there are bundles of cysts in the kidney
No working kidneys

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11
Q

Most common abdominal mass in infants

A

1= cystic renal dysplasia
2= wilms tumor
3= neuroblastoma

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12
Q

ARPKD

A

Present at birth
Renal failure caused by PKHD1 gene
Fibrocystin protein

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13
Q

What is the most common genetic cause of end stage renal diseases in children and young adults

A

Familial juvenile nephronophthisis

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in humans

A

Chronic glomerulonephritis

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15
Q

List primary glomerulonephritis

A

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change diseases

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16
Q

List secondary glomerulonephritis

A

Systemic lupus erythamousus
Henoch schonlein purpura
Diabetes mellitus

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17
Q

What are the 2 non exclusive mechanism of the antibody depositions in the glomerulus

A

1= deposition of circulating antigen antibody complexes
2= antibodies reacting in situ within the glomerulus either with fixed or planted.

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18
Q

Immune couplex + coupleman leads to inflammation

A

Nephritic syndrome

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19
Q

Immune couplex no couplaman disrupts glomerular permeability

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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20
Q

Most important glomerular lesions of diabetic nephropathy are

A

1- capillary basement membrane
2- diffuse mesangial sclerosis
3- nodular glomerulosclerosis

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21
Q

What’s is nodular glomerulosclerosis also known as

A

Kimmelsteil Wilson disease

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22
Q

List primary glomerular diseases

A

Minimal change disease
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Membranous nephropathy
IgA nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

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23
Q

Secondary glomerular diseases

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus
Diabetes mellitus
Henoch schonlein purpura

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

A

Minimal change disease

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25
What is the unique feature for MCD
Absence of glomerular pathology by the light microscopic evaluation The pathogens is remain unknown
26
The most cause of nephrotic syndrome in adult
Membranous nephropathy
27
Pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy
Immune complexes are formed in situ by PLAR2 autoantibodies binding to endogenous podocyte antigens Or planted antigens Autoimmune diseases and unknown
28
Main histoligical finding for MN
Diffused thickening of the GBM Formation of spikes No inflammation
29
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis pathogenicity
Segmental sclerosis of glomeruli as a primary diseases secondary hiv infection Obesity Heroin abuse Reduced renal mass
30
Electron microscopy of FSGS
Reveals diffuse foot process effacement
31
MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Basement membrane thickening Proliferation of glomerular cells Caused be immune complex deposition Trum track splitting of basement
32
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerular inflammation Nephritigenic stains of streptococci
33
Which disease is seen most commonly in children following GAS group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis And skin infections
PSGN
34
PSGN
Deposition of immmune complex’s within the glomerular basement membrane results in compliment activation and subsequent damage to the glomeruli
35
Immunfluorescence OF PSGN
Granular staninjng pattern for igG and c3
36
Electron microscopy of PSGN
Large subepithelial humps of deposited immune complexes
37
SYSTEMIC LUPUS NEPHRITIS
The body’s own immune system attacks the body’s own cells and organs and when kidneys are affected it’s SLN Autoimmune disease which antinuclear autoantibodies are produced that form immune complexes with self nuclear antigen
38
One of the most serious complications of SLE IS
Renal failure
39
Most common SLE IS
Diffuse lupus nephritis class 4
40
DIFFUSE SLE is
Extencisive subendothlial immune complex deposition may leas to GBM THICKINING CREATE APPEARANCE OF WIRE LOOps
41
Diabetes nephropathy pathogenisis
AGES May stimulate the production of cytokines and growth factors that lead to the increased synthesis of matrix protein in the glomerular mesgangium
42
Hallmark for DN
Deposits of matrix material in the mesangium and capillary wall Diffuse glomerular basement thickening and progressive scarring
43
What are the three pathophysiogical mechanisms that lead to RPGN
1= anti glomerular basement membrane disease good postures syndrome 2= immune complex glomerulonephritis 3= pauci immune glomerulonephritis ANCA associated with vascullitides
44
Which diseases is a frequent cause of recurrent hematuria in children and young adults
IGA NEPHROPATHY
45
Pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy
Increased no of IgA Antibodies → IgA antibodies form immune complexes that deposit in the renal mesangium → mesangial cell and complement system activation → glomerulonephritis (type III hypersensitivity reaction) [5]
46
A hereditary nepthritis diseases with thin basement membrane
Alport disease Mutations affecting the type 4 BM Collagen
47
Henoch schonlein purpura also known as IGA vasculitis
Acute immune complex mediated small vessel vascutltis Common in children Palpable purpura Arthritis arthralgias Renal involvement
48
Characteristics of the benign nephrosclerosis
Hypertension Hyaline arteriosclerosis Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy
49
Characteristics of the malignant nephrosclerosis
Malignant HYPERTENSION Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis Onion skinning
50
What is nephrosclerosis
Hypertension causing narrowing of renal arteries resulting in chronic ischemia
51
Benign nephrosclerosis
Increased systemic blood pressure (e.g., due to chronic hypertension) below the protective autoregulatory threshold → benign nephrosclerosis (sclerosis of afferent arterioles and small arteries) → ↓ perfusion → ischemic damage
52
malignant nephrosclerosis
In case BP exceeds threshold → acute injury → malignant nephrosclerosis (petechial subcapsular hemorrhages, visible infarction with necrosis of mesangial and endothelial cells, thrombosis of glomeruli capillaries, luminal thrombosis of arterioles, and red blood cell extravasation and fragmentation) → failure of autoregulatory mechanisms → ↑ damage
53
Morphology of malignant nephrosclerosis
Petechial hemorrhage Flea bitten appearance
54
Which disease is responsible for 2-5% of hypertension cases
Unilateral renal artery stenosis
55
Most common cause of renal artery stenosis
Narrowing of renal artery by an atheronatous plaque Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery
56
Which disease patchy papillary necrosis
Sickle cell nephropathy
57
Uncommon condition that occurs after obstetric emergency
Diffuse cortical necrosis
58
What is pyelonephritis
When inflammation is the the result of an infection in the renal pelvis Inflammation of the interstitial tissue
59
Factor causing p Acute and chronic pyelonephritis
Infection via hematogenous route Obstructive lesions
60
Thyroidization is in acute or chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic
61
What is a n chronic urate nephropathy or gouty nephropathy
Urate deposits evoke a mononuclear response that contains giant cells
62
Hydronephrosis means
Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces
63
Malakoplakia
Michaelis gutmann bodies Chronic granulomatous inflammation
64
Urothelial carcinoma
90% of all bladder tumors Multifocal Painless hematuria In males more Schistosoma haematobium
65
Clinical course of bladder cancer
Tendency to developed new tumors Recurrences may show high grade Cuz or high grade papillary cancer refractory to BCG
66
What are the benign neoplasms
Renal papillary adenoma Angiomyolipomas Oncocytoma
67
Malignant tumors of the kidney
Renal cell carcinoma Wilms tumor Urothelial carcinomas of the calyces and pelvis
68
What are the three classification of the renal cell carcinoma
1= clear cell carcinoma 2= papillary carcinoma 3= chromophobe carcinoma
69
What does a clear cell renal cell carcinoma involve
A tumor suppressor gene VHL
70
What does a papillary renal cell involve
MET PROTO ONCOGENE
71
Clinical features is renal cell carcinoma
Sixth to seventh decades Smoker Hypertensive Obese Chronic dialysis Paraneoplastic syndromes
72
Morphology RCC
Usually solitary Area of necrosis and hemorrhage Propensity to invade into renal pelvis Papillary tumors bilateral and multiple
73
Wilms tumor WAGR
W= wilms tumor A= aniridia G= genital abnormalities R= retardation Denys- drash syndrome Beck with- wiednann syndrome
74
What are the germ cell tumors
Seminomatous tumors Seminoma Nonseminomatous tumors Embryonal carcinoma Yolk sac Choriocarcinoma
75
What’s is the most common germ cell tumor
Seminoma
76
What is the most common testicular tumor in men older then 60 years
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
77
What is the most common form of prostatitis
Chronic a bacterial prostatitis
78
Thyoes of prostatitis
Acute bacterial Chronic bacterial Chronic a bacterial Granulomatous
79
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Very common Androgen mediated growth Not a malignant lesion Central zone proliferation Nodular growth pattern
80
Prostatic intraeoithelial neoplasia
A putative precursor lesion Can lead to cancer
81
Prostate cancer or adneocarcinoma
70% peripheral zone Hematogenous spread to the bones Graded using gleason system PSA MEASUREMENT
82
Types of mastitis inflammation of breast
Acute mastitis and breast abscess Chronic mastitis Mammary duct ecstasia Traumatic fat necrosis and galactocele
83
Describe fat necrosis
Disruption of the regular patterns of lipocytes Formation of lipid filled inflammatory cells and histocytes Late stages there is replacement fibrosis and even calcification
84
What is the most common benign breast condition producing vague lumpy breast rather then palpable lump in the breast
Fibrocyctic change 3rd and 5th decade of life
85
Important Breast tumors
1- fibrosdenoma 2- phyllodes tumor 3- intraductal papilloma
86
Types of malignant tumors
Non- invasive carcinoma in situ Invasive cancer
87
What is the most common benign tumor of female breast
Fibroadenoma
88
Tumor suppressor gene mutations
TP53 BRCA1 BRCA2
89
PROTO oncogenic mutations
PIK3CA HER2 MYC CCNDI
90
Paget’s disease of the nipple
Palpable mass is detected in 50%-60% people Palpable mass= invasive carcinoma
91
Molecular test for breast cancer
ER PR HER2

3rd Year (7 decks)

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