Pathology

Question 1

What is the duration in which ARDS should be diagnosed ?

Answer 1

1 week

Question 2

What are the 2 most common causes of ARDS?

Answer 2

Pneumonia & sepsis

Question 3

What are the 3 diagnostic guidelines of ARDS

Answer 3

1) <1 week of hypoxemia (72h)
2) No cardiac failure
3) Bilateral infiltration (white-out)

Question 4

What atelectasis is irreversible ?

Answer 4

Contraction

Question 5

Which lobe does centroacinar emphysema occur in and why?

Answer 5

Upper; it’s caused by smoking which goes more to the apex due to gravity

Question 6

Which lobe does panacinar emphysema occur in and why?

Answer 6

Lower lobe; more blood reaching base of lung delivering more proteases & oxidants

Question 7

What is bullous emphysema

Answer 7

Emphysema (usually paraseptal) with sub-pleural air bullae

Question 8

What is reid index?

Answer 8

Thickness of mucus glands / thickness from cartilage to epithelium

Question 9

Normal reid index?

Answer 9

<0.4

Question 10

What does emphysema look like on a chest x ray?

Answer 10

Barrel lung

Question 11

What does pink puffer stem from?

Answer 11

Pink from hypercapnia
Puffer from pursed lips breathing

Question 12

What does “blue bloater” stem from?

Answer 12

Blue from cyanosis
Bloater from edema (&obesity)

Question 13

Which lobe is brochiectasis more common in ?

Answer 13

Lower lobe

Question 14

Which obstructive disease show finger clubbing?

Answer 14

Chronic bronchitis & bronchiectasis

Question 15

Obstructive without cor pulmonale ?

Answer 15

Asthma

Question 16

Why does asthma get worse at night?

Answer 16

PSNS activation and decreased cortisol

Question 17

Is aspirin an allergen or trigger for asthma?

Answer 17

Trigger

Question 18

Are viruses allergens or triggers for asthma?

Answer 18

Trigger

Question 19

What mediators does Th2 release in asthma patients?

Answer 19

IL4 & IL13

Question 20

What causes wheezing?

Answer 20

Decreased air flow diameter in small bronchioles

Question 21

What does bilateral bronchiectasis indicate?

Answer 21

Systemic cause

Question 22

What is the most common type of asbestos?

Answer 22

Serpentine

Question 23

What is the most common asbestos lesion?

Answer 23

Pleural plaque

Question 24

What is the most dangerous asbestos lesion?

Answer 24

Malignant mesothelioma

Question 25

What is the most dangerous size for inhaled particles?

Answer 25

1-5 um

Question 26

What is the most common source of sillica?

Answer 26

Quartz

Question 27

Which pmeumoconiosis affects family members as well?

Answer 27

Asbestosis

Question 28

Which HLA markers is sarcoidoses associated with?

Answer 28

HLA- A1&B8

Question 29

At what stage are lung carcinomas usually detected ?

Answer 29

3-4

Question 30

What lung cancers have cavitation?

Answer 30

Squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma

Question 31

What carcinomas are positive for mucin?

Answer 31

Adenocarcinoma

Question 32

What carcinomas are positive for chromogranin?

Answer 32

SCLC & Carcinoid

Question 33

What carcinomas are positive for TTF-1?

Answer 33

Adenocarcinoma & SCLC

Question 34

What mutation is lung carcinoid tumor associated with?

Answer 34

p10

Question 35

What mutation is lung squamous cell carcinoma associated with?

Answer 35

p40

Question 36

What mutation is lung adenocarcinoma associated with?

Answer 36

KRAS & EGFR

Question 37

What causes horseness of voice in lung cancer patients?

Answer 37

Compression of recurrent pharyngeal nerve

Question 38

What causes failing of the sniff tests (diaphragm paralysis) in lung cancer patients?

Answer 38

Compression of phrenic nerve

Question 39

Where do lung carcinomas usually metastasize to?

Answer 39

Liver, bone, brain, adrenals

Question 40

What lung cancer is not associated with smoking?

Answer 40

Carcinoid

Question 41

How are neuroendocrine carcinomas treated?

Answer 41

Radio-chemotherapy

Question 42

How are NSCLCs treated?

Answer 42

Surgery (+chemotherapy)

Question 43

Alcoholic + Community pneumonia =

Answer 43

Klebsiella pneumonia

Question 44

CF + Community pneumonia =

Answer 44

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 45

Organ transplant + Community pneumonia =

Answer 45

Legionella pneumophila

Question 46

Virus --> Community pneumonia =

Answer 46

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 47

Elderly + Community pneumonia =

Answer 47

M. Catarrhalis

Question 48

What's the most common cause of atypical pmeumonia?

Answer 48

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 49

What viruses cause pneumonia?

Answer 49

RSV & hMPV, PIV, CMV, Adenovirus

Question 50

What's the age range most affected by Mycoplasma pmeumoniae ?

Answer 50

5-15

Question 51

Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia

Answer 51

Paralyzed / Anesthesia

Question 52

What is a lung abscess?

Answer 52

Suppurative necrosis that causes cavitation

Question 53

What CD4 level is considered AIDS

Answer 53

<200

Question 54

What stain do we use for Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP)?

Answer 54

Gomori methenamine silver

Question 55

What do Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP) look like under microscope?

Answer 55

Cup shaped cysts

Question 56

What's the most common cause of walking (atypical) pmeumonia ?

Answer 56

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 57

What's the most common cause of Nosocomial pmeumonia ?

Answer 57

P. Aeruginosa, S. Aureus, K. Pneumoniae

Question 58

Where does aspiration pneumonia usually form?

Answer 58

Upper lobe

Question 59

What are the S&S of lung abscess?

Answer 59

Air-fluid level x-ray and a foul smelling sputum

Question 60

What antibodies defend the URT & LRT respectively?

Answer 60

IgA for URT; IgM & IgG for LRT

Question 61

Beside pneumonia, what else does candidiasis cause?

Answer 61

Oral & vaginal thrush

Question 62

Beside pneumonia, what else does candidiasis cause in AIDS patients?

Answer 62

Esophageal candidiasis

Question 63

Beside pneumonia, what else does cryptococcosis cause?

Answer 63

Meningitis

Question 64

Beside pneumonia, what else does Mucormycosis go?

Answer 64

Brain

Question 65

What chronic pneumonias cause necrosis?

Answer 65

Granulomatous (3) + CMV + Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Question 66

What's the other name for Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia?

Answer 66

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)

Question 67

What's the other name for Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 67

Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis

Question 68

What type of cough does IPF cause?

Answer 68

Nonproductive

Question 69

Which idiopathic restrictive lung disease isn't correlated with smoking?

Answer 69

Non-specific interstitial pneumonia

Question 70

Where in the lung does IPF occur?

Answer 70

Basally & laterally

Question 71

Where in the lung does Coal worker's pneumoconiosis occur?

Answer 71

Upper lobes

Question 72

How does sillica react under polarized microscopy?

Answer 72

Weakly birefringent

Question 73

How to describe calcified silica nodules look like on X-ray?

Answer 73

Egg shell calcification

Question 74

How long does is take sillicosis to develop?

Answer 74

20-40 years

Question 75

How long does is take asbestosis to develop?

Answer 75

10-20 years

Question 76

What's the most common form of asbestos?

Answer 76

Serpentine

Question 77

Where in the lung does Sillicosis occur?

Answer 77

Upper lobe

Question 78

Where in the lung does Asbestosis occur?

Answer 78

Lower lobe

Question 79

Which drugs could cause Drug induced pulmonary (restrictive) disease?

Answer 79

Bleomycin (Chemo) & Amiodarone (Arrythmia)

Question 80

What race is sarcoidosis common in?

Answer 80

African Americans & Scandinavians

Question 81

What age group is most affected by sarcoidosis?

Answer 81

18-40

Question 82

What genes increases prevalence of sarcoidosis?

Answer 82

HLA-A1 & HLA-B8

Question 83

What is SICCA syndrome?

Answer 83

Sarcoidosis in Eyes & Lacrimal glands

Question 84

What is MIKULICZ syndrome?

Answer 84

Sarcoidosis in Eyes, lacrimal glands and parotid glands (salivary)

Question 85

What is DIP; what causes it; How is it treated?

Answer 85

Desquamativr Interstitial pneumonia; smoking; steroids

Question 86

What type of HSV is Hypersensitivity pneumonia?

Answer 86

Type 3/4

Question 87

How is a sputum sample determined adequate?

Answer 87

Presence of macrophages

Question 88

Why aren't ARDS patients given oxygen therapy?

Answer 88

V/Q mismatch due to vesicular damage