Pathology

Question 1

ASA score

Answer 1

1-5
5 being worst
Add e for emergency

Question 2

Differ ASA 4&5

Answer 2

4 having constant threat to life
5 won’t survive without surgery

Question 3

What is ASA 6

Answer 3

Brain death

Question 4

Time needed to see callus on x-ray and its clinical importance

Answer 4

3 weeks
Differ new or old fracture

Question 5

Osteoclast activity in fracture

Answer 5

Removing the trabecular bone

Question 6

What is wallerian degeneration

Answer 6

when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed and the part of the axon distal to the injury (which in most cases is farther from the neuron’s cell body) degenerates.

Degeneration of myelin sheath and phagocytosis by macrophages

Question 7

Relation of AIDS with CBC

Answer 7

T cell deficiency

Question 8

Relation of neutrophils with granulomatous disease

Answer 8

N can cause granulomatous disease

Question 9

Microscopic finding of sarcoidosis

Answer 9

Asteroid bodies

Question 10

What forms collagen

Answer 10

Fibroblast

Question 11

Predominant cell in wound more than 6 weeks old

Answer 11

Myofibroblast

Question 12

What is vasculogenesis

Answer 12

Formation of new vessel from mesenchyme

Question 13

What is angiogenesis

Answer 13

Sprouting out of vessel from an existing vessel

Question 14

Major cell of wound healing

Answer 14

Macrophages (but it is not chr. Inflam)
Which transforms into Fibroblast
Which transforms into myofibroblast

Question 15

Differ delayed primary closure and secondary closure

Answer 15

D.pri. is before granulation tissue
Secondary after granulation tissue

Question 16

Pathology skin layer of hypertrophic scar

Answer 16

Dermis

Question 17

Predisposition of keloid

Answer 17

Genetic and dark skin

Question 18

Why intra lesional incision and steroid for keloid

Answer 18

To trick brain that there is a keloid

Question 19

Duke classification when lymph node got involved

Answer 19

C

Question 20

How many stages of dukes classification of colonic cancer

Answer 20

A to D

Question 21

Which disease cause brown tumor of bone

Answer 21

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 22

X-ray finding of brown tumor of bone and why

Answer 22

Radio lucent
Due to excess osteoclast activity and consumption of trabecular bone

Question 23

Why called brown bone tumor

Answer 23

Hemosiderin deposition

Question 24

Why bone pain in brown tumor

Answer 24

Post osteoclast Resorption beyond the usual shape of bone involving periosteum

Question 25

Thirst in primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 25

Unquenchable

Question 26

Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 26

Solitary adenoma of parathyroid in 80% of cases

Question 27

IGF1 gene mutation is implicated in which tumor

Answer 27

HNPCC Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer also known as Lynch syndrome

Question 28

genes involved in the ACS Adenoma carcinoma sequence

Answer 28

Some of the genes involved in the ACS include: MCC (Mutated in colorectal cancer) DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) c-yes (named after the Yamaguchi sarcoma virus oncogene, which it is the cellular homolog The tyrosine kinase gene) bcl-2 (from its original discovery in the context of B-cell lymphomas) c-myc (cellular Myc :carried by the Avian virus, Myelocytomatosis) APC: Located on chromosome region 5q21 (adenomatous polyposis coli, a hereditary condition that causes colon tumors) p53: Located on chromosome region 17p13 (after its molecular mass, which is in the 53 kilodalton fraction of cell proteins) SMAD4: A driver mutation of the ACS KRAS: A driver mutation of the ACS (because it was first identified as a viral oncogene in the Kirsten RAt Sarcoma virus) TP53: A driver mutation of the ACS

Question 29

What is adenoma carcinoma sequence

Answer 29

The ACS is a hypothesis that explains the evolution of colorectal cancer through a benign intermediate stage called an adenoma. The ACS is thought to be responsible for most or all colorectal cancers.

Question 30

adenoma carcinoma sequence vs hnpcc

Answer 30

The adenoma-carcinoma sequence is a morphological model for colorectal cancer, while hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a genetic syndrome that can cause colorectal adenomas or carcinomas

Question 31

Hyperopia affect osteoclast

Answer 31

Excess osteoclast activity

Question 32

APC mutations

Answer 32

In familial adenomatous polyposis coli