Pathology Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Marker for endothelial cells
A
CD 31
2
Q
Vasular events in inflammation
A
- Transient vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
- Increased vascular permeability
- Stasis
3
Q
Cellular events in inflammation
A
- Margination/ pavementing
- Rolling
- Adhesion
- Transmigration
- Chemotaxis
- Opsonisation
- Phagocytosis
4
Q
Cellular events in inflammation
A
- Margination/ pavementing
- Rolling
- Adhesion
- Transmigration
- Chemotaxis
- Opsonisation
- Phagocytosis
5
Q
Negative acute phase reactants
A
Transcortin
Transferrin
Albumin
6
Q
Most radio sensitive phase of cell cycle
A
G2M phase
7
Q
Most radioresistant phase of cell cycle
A
S phase
8
Q
Most radiosensitive cell
A
Lymphocyte
9
Q
Most radio resistant cell
A
Platelet
10
Q
Most radiosensitive tumor
A
Ewings sarcome
11
Q
Fentons reaction
A
Fe2+ involved in free radical production
12
Q
Mutation of superoxide dismutase -1
A
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
13
Q
Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
A
Effrocytosis
14
Q
Examples of necroptosis
A
Pancreatitis
Acute steatohepatitis
Neurodegenerative disorders
15
Q
PAS positive substances
A
Glycogen
Fungi
Basement membrane
Lymphoblasts
16
Q
Most common cause of spherocytosis
A
Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia
17
Q
Confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis
A
Ema binding tests by flow cytometry
18
Q
Ballerina skirt appearance seen in
A
Lymphocyte in infectious mononucleosis
19
Q
Chemotherapy for ALL
A
V- Vincristine
A- Asparginase
P- Prednisolone
D- Doxorubicin/ Daunorubicin
20
Q
Treatment of AML M3
A
All trans retinoic acid
Arsenic trioxide
21
Q
Onion skin appearances
A
Malignant hypertension - biopsy
• CIDP - nerve biopsy
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis -
biopsy
• SLE, spleen - gross
• Ewing’s sarcoma - X ray
• Tay sach’s disease - EM
22
Q
Leutic aneurysm
A
Syphilitic aneurysm seen in tertiary syphilis affecting ascending aorta and vasa vasorum
23
Q
Classification for aortic dissection
A
De Bakeys classification
Stanford classification
24
Q
Classification for vasculitis
A
Modified chapel hill classification
25
Stain for elastin
Verhoeff van Gieson stain
26
Giant cell arteritis is associated with
Polymyalgia rheumatica
27
PAN is associated with
Mononeuritis multiplex
28
Anti- endothelial antibodies is seen in
Kawasaki disease
29
Triad of behcet's disease
Oral ulcers
Genital ulcers
Uveitis
30
Microscopy of kaposi's sarcoma
Proliferation of plump spindle cells with slit like vascular spaces
31
Microscopy of kaposi's sarcoma
Proliferation of plump spindle cells with slit like vascular spaces
32
Pathergy test
Non specific skin inflammatory reaction intradermal saline injection. Postive in Behcet disease
33
Mediators involved in rolling and it's types
Selectins- L,P,E
34
Distribution and ligands of selectins
L selectin- leucocyte- GlyCAM 1, MadCAM-1, CD34
E selectin- endothelium
P selectin- platelet, endothelium- sialyl lewis X modified glycoprotein, leucocytes
35
Adhesion is mediated by
Integrins- beta 1 to VCAM 1
Beta 2 to ICAM 1
36
Mediators for chemotaxis
Exogenous- bacterial cell wall products like N formyl methionine
Endogenous- LTB4, IL8, C5a
37
Opsonins
CSF
C3b, C4b, C5b
Serum proteins like fibrinogen, CRP
Fc fragment of IgG
38
Amino acid responsible for production of NETs
Arginine
39
Macrophages in different locations
Liver- kupffer cells
Placenta- Hofbauer cell
Kidney - mesangial cell
Brain- microgila
Spleen- Littoral cell
Lung- PAM/dust cell
Bone- Osteoclast
Lymph node- Sinus histiocyte
40
Granuloma is which hypersensitivity reaction
Type 4
41
Microscopy of Sarcoidosis
Asteroid body- inclusions in giant cell
Shawman body- Composed of calcium
42
Stages if tissue repair
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodeling
43
Most common testicular tumor in infants
Pre pubertal yolk sac tumor
44
Examples for stable cells
Liver parenchymal cells
PCT/DCT
Osteoblasts
45
Gamma gandy bodies
Made of calcification, hemosiderin, fibrosis. Seen in spleen in chronic venous congestion
46
Lines of Zahn
Seen in thrombi, alternating dark (RBC) and light (platelets and fibrin) areas
47
Saddle embolus
Embolism at bifurcation of pulmonary vasculature
48
2 malignancies that do not metastatise
Basal cell carcinoma
Glioma
49
Sarcomas that metastatise through lymphatics
Synovial sarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
50
Carcinoma that metastatise through hematogenous route
Papillary Ca of thyroid
Choriocarcinoma
RCC
HCC
51
Normal ratio of kappa to lamba light chains
60:40
52
Tumor markers of multiple myeloma
CD56, CD38, CD138, syndecan-1
53
Reid index
Ratio of thickness of submucosal layer to bronchia wall. Normal value is 0.4
54
Struma ovarii
Thyroid tissue in ovary
55
Cyclin ass with mantle cell lymphoma
Cyclin D
56
Cyclin ass with breast cancer
Cyclin E
57
Organs most resistant to radiation
Bones, GIT
58
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause which cancer
Lung cancer
59
Arsenic cause which cancer
Skin cancer
Hepatic angiosarcoma
60
Asbestos cause which cancer
Lung adenocarcinoma
Malignant meaothelioma- most specific
61
Aflatoxin cause which cancer
HCC
62
Beta naphthylamine or Azo dye cause which cancer
Bladder cancer
63
Benzene cause which cancer
Leukemia, AML
64
Diethylstilbestrol cause which cancer
Clear cell carcinoma ovary, cervix
65
PVC cause which cancer
Hepatic angiosarcoma
66
Cadmium cause which cancer
Prostate cancer
67
Schistosoma hematobium cause which cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
68
Mechanism of carcinogenesis
. Self sufficiency in growth signals.
a. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals.
3. Limitless replicative potential.
4. Evasion of apoptosis.
S. Sustained angiogenesis.
6. Altered cellular metabolism.
7. Invasion
metastasis.
8. Escape of immune recognition.
69
Growth factors and cancers
Hepatocyte GF- HCC
PDGF- Astrocytoma
70
GF receptors and cancers
ALK gene- ALCL, Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, Adenocarcinoma of lung
C- kit- GIST, seminoma
RET on chr 10- medullary CA of thyroid, MEN 2 syndrome
71
IHC marker for hepatic cell
Hep par 1, arginase 3, AFP
72
Fixatives used for biopsy samples
10% neutral buggered formalin - histopathology
2.5% glutaraldehyde- electron microscopy
Bouin's fluid- Testicular biopsy
73
IHC marker for GIST
DOG1, CD117, CD34
74
IHC marker for malignant mesothelioma
Calretinin, CK5/6
75
IHC marker for ewings sarcoma
CD 99, MIC 2
76
Marker for Osteosarcoma
Osteoponton, osteonectin, osteocalcin
77
CEA and CA19-9 are markers for
Colon cancer, pancratic cancer
78
Tumor markers for breast cancer
CA 15-3
79
CA 7+, CA20+ in
Stomach Ca
Pancreatic Ca
Bladder Ca
80
CA 7-, CA 20- in
HCC
RCC
81
CA 7+, CA 20- in
Cancers of female genital track, cervix, endometrium, breast, lung, thyroid
82
CA 7-, CA 20+
Colon cancer
83
What is pleiotropism
Single mutant gene produces multiple effects
84
What is anticipation
Severity of disease increases with each successive generation
85
Types of non mendelian genetic defects
Trinucleotide repeat mutations
Mitochondrial inheritance
Genomic imprinting
Mosaicism
86
Properties of autosomal dominant disorders
Incomplete penetrance
Variable expressivity
87
Autosomal dominant disorders
He Has A Very DOMINANT Father
Huntingtons disease
Hereditary spherocytosis
Achondroplasia
Von willebrand dx
Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome
Dystrophia myotonica
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Marfans syndrome
Intermittent porphyria
NF-1
AD PCKD
NF-1
Tuberous sclerosis
Familial hypercholestrolemia
FAP
88
Genetic abnormality in marfans
Fibrillin 1 gene in chr 15
89
Biopsy of vessel in marfans
Cystic medial degeneration
90
Diagnostic criteria for marfans
Revised Ghent's criteria:
Family history
Clinical signs and symptoms
Fibrillin 1 gene defect analysis
91
Autosomal recessive disorders
ABCDEFGHI
Ataxia
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Alkaptonuria
Beta thalassemia
Cystic fibrosis
CAH
Deafness
Emphysema
Friedrich's ataxia
Gauchers dx
Glycogen storage disorders
Hemochromatosis
Homocystinuria
Inborn errors of metabolism
92
X linked recessive disorders
Lady Hardinge Clg Girls Don't Care About Foolish Words
Lesch nyhan syndrome
Hemophilia A and B
Hunters dx
Color blindness
G6PD deficiency
DMD
Chronic granulomatous dx
Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's)
Fabrys dx
Fragile X syndrome
Wiscott Aldrich syndrome
93
X linked dominant disorders
RAVI
Rett syndrome
Alport syndrome
Vitamin D resistant rickets
Incontinentia pigmenti
94
Heteroplasmy
Mixture of both normal and mutant mitochondrial DNA in same cell
95
Organs most frequently affected in mitochondrial inheritance
CNS
Eye
Skeletal
96
Diseases with trinucleotide repeat mutations
Coding region:
Huntingtons chorea and spinocerebellar ataxia- CAG
Non coding region:
Myotonic dystrophy - CTG
Friedrich's ataxia- GAA
Fragile X syndrome- CGG
97
Anticipation is also called
Sherman's paradox
98
Fragile X syndrome
Mutation in Familial mental retardation -1 gene
Clinical manifestations:
Large everted ears
Long face
Large jaw
Macroorchidism
Mental retardation
99
Gonadal mosaicism examples
Tuberous sclerosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
100
Nooan syndrome mutation
Chromosome 12 mutation, clinical features similar to turners syndrome
101
Shortest chromosome
Chromosome 21
102
Banding/stain used in karyotyping
Geimsa/ G banding
Quinacrine/ Q banding
103
Fixative for karyotyping
Carnoy's fixative
104
Type 1 HS examples
ABCD
Atopy - chr 5
Allergy/anaphylaxis
Bronchial asthma
Casonis test for hydatid cysts
Drug allergy immediate
PK reaction, theobald smith phenomenon
105
Type 2 HS
My Blood Group Is RH Positive
Myasthenia gravis
Blood transfusion reactions
Graves disease
Goodpasture syndrome
ITP, Immune hemolytic anemias
Rh incompatibility, Rheumatic fever
Hyperacute graft rejection
Pernicious anemia
Pemphigus vulgaris
106
Type 3 HS
SHARP
SLE
Serum sickness
Shick test
HSP
Arthus reaction
Reactive arthritis
PAN, PSGN
107
Gene for MHC located on
Chr 6p
108
Loci of MHC 1
A, B ,C
109
Loci of MHC II
DP, DQ, DR
110
MHC 3 encoded by
Heat shock proteins
Properidin
Complement protein
111
HLA matching not required in
Cornea
Lungs
112
Marker for acute humoral rejection
C4d
113
Organs involved in GVHD
Skin
GIT
Liver
114
Causes of pure red cell aplasia
Inherited- Diamond blackfan anemia
Aquired- Parvovirus B 19
Thymoma
CLL
115
Bone marrow aspirate of Pure red cell aplasia
Dog ear like protrusions in erythroid precursors
116
Burr cell/ Echinocyte is seen
Chronic renal failure
Uremua
Liver dx
117
Spur cell/ Acanthocyte is seen in
Abetalipoproteinemia
118
Target cell/ codocyte is seen in
Thalassemia
IDA
Liver dx
119
Stages of IDA
1- decreased storage
2- iron deficient erythropoiesis
3- iron deficiency anemia
120
Mentzer index
MCV/ RBC count
121
Most sensitive test for IDA
STFRc/log ferritin
122
Causes of sideroblastic anemia
Genetic- enzyme deficiency, C linked
Aquired- Alcohol, Vit B6 def, Anti- TB drugs( isoniazid)
123
Pappenheimer bodies
Iron accumulation in RBCs
124
Criteria for ringed sideroblasts
>/= 5 iron granules in perinuclear position + covering 1/3rd of nucleus
125
Crisis in Hereditary spherocytosis
Aplastic crisis in Parvovirus B19 infection
Hemolytic crisis in EBV infection
