Physiology

Question 1

Examples for positive feedback control

Answer 1

CLAPS
Clotting
Calcium entry in sarcoplasmic reticulum
LH surge
Action potential
Parturition
Shock

Question 2

Example for feed forward control

Answer 2

Body temperature

Question 3

Phospholipids

Answer 3

Phosphotidylcholine- Surfactant
Sphingomylein- Neuron, surfactant
Phosphotidylserine- inner surface of cell membrane
Phosphotidylinositol- secondary messenger
Cardiolipin- mitochondria of heart

Question 4

Glycolipds

Answer 4

Cerebrosides- CNS
Gangliosides- GIT

Question 5

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 5

Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachidonic acid
Omega 3 fatty acids

Question 6

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 6

Palmitic acid
Stearic acid

Question 7

Types of proteins in cell membrane

Answer 7

Transmembrane proteins
Peripheral proteins
Lipid anchored proteins

Question 8

Peroxisomal disorders

Answer 8

Zellweger syndrome
Refsum disease

Question 9

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 9

Circular ds DNA with 16,500 base pairs

Question 10

Nuclear pore complex

Answer 10

Regulates movement of substances- importins and exportins

Question 11

Marker enzymes for cell organelles

Answer 11

Cell membrane - Na K ATPase
ER- Glucose 6 phosphatase
GA- Galactosyl transferase
Lysosomes- Acid phosphatase
Peroxisomes- Catalase
Mitochondria- ATP synthase
Nucleus- RNA polymerase

Question 12

Types of cytoskeletal filaments

Answer 12

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

Question 13

Types of microtubules

Answer 13

Kinesin
Tubulin
Dyenin

Question 14

Types of Microfilaments

Answer 14

Actin
Myosin

Question 15

Types of intermediate filaments

Answer 15

Keratin
Desmin
Vimentin
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
Lamin

Question 16

Cell- cell junctions

Answer 16

Zona occludens
Zone adherens
Desmosome
Gap junctions

Question 17

Cell - basal lamina junctions

Answer 17

Hemi desmosome
Focal adhesions

Question 18

Formula for osmolarity

Answer 18

2* Na+ 0.055* glucose+ 0.36* BUN

Question 19

Resting membrane potentials of various cells

Answer 19

Neuron- -70mV
Skeletal and cardiac muscle- -90mV
SA node, cajal cell, pre-botzinger complex- -60 to -40mV

Question 20

Equation for equilibrium potential

Answer 20

Nernst equation- +/- 61log Co/Ci

Question 21

Equilibrium potential of various ions

Answer 21

Na- +60mV
K- -90mV
Cl- -70mV
Ca- +130mV

Question 22

Gibbs Donnan effect

Answer 22

Presence of a non diffusible protein affect the distribution of diffusible ions

Question 23

Diagram representing ICF and ECF with volumes and osmolarity

Answer 23

Darrow Yannet diagram

Question 24

Calmoudlin is structurally and functionally related to

Answer 24

Troponin C

Question 25

Counter current system is seen in

Answer 25

Kidneys Testis Intestine Skin