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pathology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

ANEURYSM

etiology

S&S

treatment

A

etiology: congenital defect, weakness in vessel walls d/t hypertension, connective tissue disease, trauma, infection

S&S: generalized pain in abdomen, pulsations near navel, sudden HA, N&V, stiff neck, seisure, LOC< diplopia

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2
Q

what is angina pectoris

what are the common types of angina pectoris

what are the S&S of angina pectoris

A

pressure/discomfort in the chest resulting from myocarial ischemia

stable angina, unstable angina, prinzmetnal (varient) angina

pressure/heaviness/burning behind sternum that worse with exertion and subsides with rest (can also be N/V, dizziness, etc)

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3
Q

desctibe stable angina

A

occurs at a predictable level of exertion

responds to rest/nitro

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4
Q

describe unstable angina

A

more intense, lasts longer
precibitated by less exertion
spontaneously at rest
progressive

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5
Q

describe prinzmental (variant) angina

A

occurs d/t coronary artery spasm

assossciated with coronary artery disease

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6
Q

what is the treatment for angina

A

acute: oxygen, niro, rest

chronic: long-acting nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

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7
Q

what is atherosclerosis and what is the etiology

A

slow, progressive accumulation of fatty plaques on inner walls of arteries
restricts blood flow leading to blood clot

etiology: comorbidities

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8
Q

what are the S&S of athlersclerosis

what is the treatment for athlerscloerosis

A

S&S: angina if coronary arteries are affected, neuro S&S if cerebral ateries affected, claudication if peripheral arteries are affected

treatment: lifestyle changes, meds, surgery

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9
Q

what is the treatement for dialated cardiomyopathy

A

medications: ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, digoxin, diuretics

surgical: biventricular pacemaker, implanted defibrilator

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10
Q

what are the treatments for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

medications: lipressor and Ca++ channel blocersk

surgical: septal myectomy, ablation, pacemaker implantation, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

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11
Q

what are the treatments for restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

medciations: diuretics, antiarrhythmiacs

surgical: ventricular assist device, heart transplant

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12
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency

what is the etiology

A

veins and valves in LE are damaged and cannot keep blood flow to the heart

risk factors: age, obesity, female, pregnancy, prolonged sitting/standing

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13
Q

what are the S&S of chronic venous insufficiency

what are the treatments

A

LE swelling, aricose veins, aching, heaviness, crmping, redness, skin ulcers

compression stalkings , elevation

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14
Q

what is the etiology of atrial septal defect

what are S&S of atrial septal defect

what is the treatment

A

errors in heart development resulting in a hole in the wall of the heart which separates the right and left atria

small/moderate have no symptoms; large could result in heart murmur, SON, fatigue, swelling of LE,lung infections, stroke

surgical closure

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15
Q

what is the etiology of coarctation of the aorta

S&S of coarctation of the aorta

treatment?

A

congenital heart defect in which th aorta is narrowed near the ductus arteriosis

infants with severe narrowing - pale, sweating, SOB / older children/adults - high BP in arms, low BP in legs

surgical repair or balloon angioplasty

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16
Q

what is the etiology of patent ductos arteriosis

S&S

treatment

A

congenital heart efect in which the ductos arteriosis (normally shunts blood from pulmonary artery to descending aorta in utero) does not close after birth

tachycardia, respiratory distress, poor eating, weight loss, congestive heart failure

nonsurgical: diuretics and idomethacin

surgical repair

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17
Q

etiology ot ventricular septal defect

S&S

treatment

A

congenital heart deffect in which a hole in septum separating R and L ventricles possibly leading to blood being pumped into the lungs

cyanosis, poor eating, failure to thrive, fatigue, swelling of LE, tachycardia

surgical patching or closing hole

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18
Q

etiology of tetralogy of fallot

S&S

treatment

A

combination of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, aorta overriding the ventricular septal defect

SOB, fainting, clubbing, prolonged crying, heart murmur

surgery to widen pulmonary valve and arteries and patching the VSD

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19
Q

what is the etiology of Cor pulmonale

S&S

treatment

A

hypertorphy of the right ventricle caused by increased pulmonary hypertension from increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation

SOB with exertion

supplemental oxygen

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20
Q

eitology of coronary artery disease

S&S

treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

damage of the inner layer of a coronary artery leads to laque build up which could lead to heart attack

depends on degree of steonsis; angina, SOB, heart attack

lifestyle modifications, meds; surgery if needed

21
Q

etiology of DVT

S&S

treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

anything that impaires blood flow

swelling, pain, rednes, warmth

anticoagulants

22
Q

etiology of endocarditis

S&S

treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

bacterial infection in the blood; damaged heart valve

fever, chills, heart murmur, fatigue, SOB, weight loss, blood in urine, skiing changes

antibotics

23
Q

eitiology of heart failure

S&S

treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

CAD, hypertension, DM, MI, abnormal heart valves, cardiomyopathy

SOB, fatigue, swelling of LE, irregular/rapid heartbeat with S3 or S4 sound, persistent cough/wheezing, weight gain from fluid retention

lifestyle changes, medication alterations, treatment of underlying cause

24
Q

heart murmur etiology

S&S

treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

innocent - blood flows rapidly through heart d/t activity, pregnancy, fever, anemia; abnormal - turbulent flow through damaged or narrowed heart valve or holes in wall

abnormal - cyanosis, limb edema, SOB, enlarged neck veins, weight gain, chest pain, dizziness, fainting

treatment of underlying cause; medications (duretics, anticoagulats, antihypertensive)

25
hypertension etiology S&S treatment
primary - no known cause; secondary - identified cause S4 sound; CNS symptoms if severe lifestyle modifications
26
what is normal BP
<120/<80
27
what BP is considered to be eleevated
120-129/<80
28
what BP is considered to be stage 1 hypertension
130-139/(or)80-89
29
what BP is considered to be stage 2 hypertension
at least 140/(or) at least 90
30
etiology of MI S&S treatment
ruptured plaque blocks flow of blood through coronary arteries chest discomfort/pressure, SOB, discomfort in UE and back, vomiting, dizziness meds - anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents, pain relievers, antihypertensive; surgery - coronary angioplast or CABG
31
etioligy of myocarditis S&S treatment
viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation and weaknesses of the myocardium arrhythmias, chest pain, SOB, fatigue, fever treatment of underlying cause
32
etiology of pericarditis S&S treatment
infection leading to inflamation of the pericarium of the heart chest pain, SOB, dry cough, anxiety, fatigue, fever antibiotics, anti-inflammatory meds,
33
etiology of peripheral arterial disease S&S treatment
buildup altering structure and function of the aorta and its branches fatigue, aching, numbness, pain in buttock, thigh, calf, for at rest, poorly healing wounds of LE, distal hair loss, skin changes, hypertrophic nails lifestyle changes, lipid lowering meds; severe - revascularization procedures and surgery exercise minimum of 30-45 mins 3x/week
34
etiology of rheymatic fever S&S treatment
group A streptococcus bacteria that causes strep throat/scarlet fever leading to damage of heart valves leading to heart failure inflammation of heart, joints, skin, CNS; red, hot, swollen, painful joint; heart palpitations, chest pain, SOB, skin rash antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents
35
etiology of ARDS S&S treatment
sudden respiratory failure d/t fluid accumulation in the aveoli in which fluid leaks from smallest blood vessels in lucngs into the aveoli severe SOB, labored and rapid breathing, hypotension, confusion, fatigue, cough, and fever mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, treatment of underlying conditions
36
etiology of asthma S&S treatment
resiratory infections, allerens, air temp changes, exercise, stress mild - wheezing, chest tightness, SOB; severe - dyspnea, flaring nostrils, diminished wheezing, anxiety, cyanosis, inability to speak anti-inflammatory, bronchodilators,
37
etiology of atelectasis S&S treatment
anything that prevents deep breathing and coughing cyanosis, SOB, increased breathing rate, increased heart rate deep breathing exercises, changing positions, airway clearance techniques; PPE or continuous positive airway pressure devices to keep alveoli open; bronchodilators
38
etiology of bronchiectasis S&S treatment
injury to airwyas or lung infection leading to abnormal dilation of bronchs consistent productive cough, hemoptysis, weightloss, anemia, crackles, wheezes, loud breathing sounds antibiotics, bronchodilators
39
etiology of bronchitis S&S treatment
acute - cold viruses/pollutants; chronic - ciggarette smoke persistent cough with thick spitim, increased use of accessory muscles for breathing, wheezing, dyspnea, cyanosis, increased pulmonary artery pressure acute - rest, fluid, breathing treatments; chronic - antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, bronchodilator, lifestyle changes
40
etioligy of COPD S&S treatment
long term smking or exposure to pollutants leading to narrowing of bronchial tree excessive mucus production, chronic productive cough, wheezing, SOB, fatigue, reduced exercise capacity bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, supplemental oxygen, antibiotics, lifestyle modifications
41
etiology of cystic fibrosis S&S treatment
mutation of chromosome 7 leading to thick, sticky mucus causing lung infections, pancreas obstruction, and inhibition normal digestion and absorption of food salty tasting sin, persistent productive cough, frequent lung infections, wheezing, SOB, poor growth and weight gain antibiotics, nutritional supplements, pancreatic enzyme replacements, bronchodilators, airway clearance, breathing techniques, assisted cough, ventilartory muscle training
42
emphysema etiology S&S treatment
prolonged smoking which leads damage to aveoloar walls causing large, irrectular pockets with holes SOB, wheezing, chronic coughing, orthopenia, barrel chest, increased use of accessory muscles, increased RR, fatigue, reduced exercise capacity bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, supplemental oxygen, antibiotics, lifestyle modifications
43
etioligy of pelarual effusion S&S treatment
inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleara caused by build of fluid in the plearal space between the lungs and chest cavity SOd; cough, fever, chills if fluid is infected treatment of underlying condition
44
etiology of pneumonia S&S treatment
infection leading to inflammation of the lungs fever, cough, chills, SOB, wearing, chest pain with breathing, headache, muscle pain and fatigue antibiotics/antiviral
45
etiology of pulmonary edema S&S treatment
left ventricle is unable to pump blood adequately causing increased pressure in left atrium and pulmonary veins leading to difficulty with breathing SOB, anxiety, frothy, blood tinged sputum, chest pain, rapid/irregular HR supplemental oxygen and medications
46
pulomary embolism etiology S&S treatment
blood clots from LE that travel to the lungs sudden onset of SOB, chest pain that worsens with deep breathing/coughing/eating/bending, bloody sputum anticoaguants and thrombolytic agents
47
pulmonary fibrosis etiology S&S treatment
microscopic diamage of aveoli causing irrreeerible scarring of interstitial tissue with cause mostly unknown SOB, dry cough corticosteroids and immunosuppressants
48
restrictive lung dysfunction etioligy S&S treatment
abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation dyspnea on exertion, persistent non-productive cough, increased RR, hypoxemia, decreased vital capacity, abnormal breathing sounds, reduced exercise tolerance variable and corresponds etiology

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