Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

First Aid Gastrointestinal > Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Pathology 2 Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Autosomal Dominant mutation of APC gene on Chromosome 5q. 2-hit hypothesis

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thousands of polyps arise at a young age; pancolonic

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

FAP + osseous and soft tissue tumors, congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium

A

Gardner Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

FAP + malignant CNS tumor

A

Turcot Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer molecular pathway

A

Autosomal Dominant mutation of DNA mismatch repair genes (microsatellite instability pathway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Apple Core Lesion

A

Colorectal Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Iron deficiency Anemia in Males

A

Colorectal cancer is of high suspicion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CEA tumor marker

A

Good for monitoring recurrence not screening for colorectal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Molecular Pathway causing Sporadic colorectal cancer

A

APC/beta-catenin (chromosomal instability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathway of CRC pathogenesis

A

normal colon, (loss of APC) colon at risk, (kRAS mutation) adenoma, (loss of p53 of DCC) increases tumorigenesis so carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stellate cell

A

causes fibrosis of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Effects of portal HTN

A

esophageal varices (hematoemesis), peptic ulcer, melena, splenomegaly, caput medusa, ascites, gastropathy, anorectal varices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effects of Liver Cell Failure

A

Hepatic encephalopathy, scleral icterus, fetor hepaticus (musty breath), spider nevi, gynecomastia, jaundice, testicular atrophy, asterixis (hand tremor), bleeds, anemia, ankle edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

A

obstructive hepatobilliary disease, HCC, bone disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ALT > AST

A

Viral hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AST > ALT

A

Alcohol hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Amylase

A

Acute Pancreatitis & Mumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ceruloplasmin

A

decreased in Wilson Dx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gamma -glutamiyl transpeptidase(GGT)

A

Increased in liver and biliary disease, associated with alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lipase

A

Acute Pancreatitis (most specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Marker of infection, first to increase when HBV resolves, this goes away. If not it is chronic HBV

A

HBsAg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Marker is positive when a patient is infectious and can give HBV to another person

A

HBeAg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Only Ab seen in the window phase of Hep B infection

A

IgM (HBcAb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ab in resolved phase of Hep B infection

A

IgG, also seen in chronic HBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
IgG if infection resolves, Sign you won the battle or were immunized to HBV
HBsAb
26
fecal-oral, acq by travelers, Acute hepatitis
Hepatitis A
27
contaminated food, undercooked seafood. PREGNANCY it is associated with fulminant hepatitis
Hepatitis E
28
Birth, Sex, IVDA, primarily acute hepatitis
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C (acute becomes chronic)
29
Confirms Hepatitis C infection
HCV-RNA test | if RNA decreases the patient is recovering, if the patient ihas same RNA levels, it is chronic disease
30
Dependent on Hep B infection
Hepatitis D
31
HBV+HDV occuring at same time
coinfection, less severe
32
Acquiring HDV with pre-exisiting HepB
Superinfection, very severe
33
VZV or influenza B that has been treated with aspirin
Reye Syndrome
34
Symptoms you'll see with Reye Syndrome
mitochondrial abnormalities, fatty liver, hypoglycemia, vomiting, hepatomegaly, coma
35
Reversible change with moderate alcohol intake. Macrovascular fatty change that may be reversible with alcohol cessation
Hepatic Steatosis
36
Mallory Bodies
Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions | Alcoholic Hepatitis
37
"hobnail" appearance
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
38
Sclerosis around central vein (Zone III)
Alcoholic cirrhosis
39
Cellular ballooning and evental necrosis of liver, associated with obesity
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
40
post-TIPS complication
Hepatic encephalopathy
41
Tx for Hepatic Encephalopathy
Lactulose (increased NH4+ generation), low-protein diet, and rifaximin (kills intestinal bacteria)
42
Cancer Associated with HepB and C
Hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma
43
Aflatoxin from Aspergillus
HCC
44
Spread of HCC
hematogenously
45
Diagnosis of HCC
increase AFP, US or contrast CT
46
Liver tumor associated with OCP or anabolic steroid use
Hepatic Adenoma
47
Malig. tumor of endothelial origin; associated with exposure to arsenic, vinyl chloride
Angiosarcoma
48
Liver infarction secondary to hepatic vein or IVC obstruction
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
49
Centrilobular congestion and necrosis from hepatic vein or IVC obstruction
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
50
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Liver: misfolded gene aggregating in hepatocyte ER cirrhosis with PAS (+) globules in liver Lung: leads to emphysema due to uninhibited elastase, panacinar emphysema
51
Bilirubin >2.5mg/dL in blood
Jaundice
52
Immature UDP-glucuronosyltransferase at birth
unconjugated hyperbilirubinermia, jaundice/kernicterus | physiologic neonatal jaundice
53
Tx of Physiological Neonatal Jaundice
Phototherapy, converts unconjugated bilirubin to water-soluble form
54
Increased UCB due to mildly decreased UDP-glucuronosyltransferase conjugation activity.
Gilbert Disease
55
Bilirubin increases with fasting and stress
Gilbert Disease
56
Absent UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, patients die with in a few years, kernicterus, increase UCB
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome type I
57
Treatment of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type I
Plasmapheresis and phototherapy | if were less severe type II version (just need phenobarbital)
58
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia due to defective liver excretion. GROSSLY BLACK LIVER
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
59
Milder case of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia without black liver
Rotor Syndrome
60
Problem with bilirubin uptake causes hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Disease
61
Problem with bilirubin conjugation cause unconjugated bilirubinemia
Crigler-Najjar
62
Tx of Wilson Disease
Penicillamine or trientine
63
Autosomal recessive inheritance on chr13, mut ATP7B
Wilson Disease
64
decreased ceruloplasmin, cirrhosis, corneal deposits, copper accumulation
Wilson Disease
65
Basal ganglia degeneration, asterixis, dementia, dyskinesia, dysarthria
Wilson Disease
66
Kayser-Fleischer Ring
Wilson Disease
67
Bronze Diabetes
Hematochromatosis
68
Micronodular cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, skin pigmentation
Hematochromatosis
69
C282Y or H63D mutation on HFE gene
Primary hematochromatosis (autosomal recessive)
70
Prussian Blue Stain
For iron
71
Tx of hereditary hemochromatosis
repeated phlebotomy, deferasirox, deferoxamine
72
Complication of hemochromatosis
CHF, testicular atrophy, increase risk of HCC
73
Cause of secondary hemachromatosis
chronic transfusion, increased ferritin, increased iron, decrease in TIBC
74
Onion Skin bile duct fibrosis causing beading of intra-and extrahepatic duct
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
75
Hypergamaglobulinermia (IgM)
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
76
~40y/o woman with increase serum mitochondrial antibodies, associated with autoimmune conditions
Primary biliary cirrhosis
77
lymphocytic infiltrate and granulomas of Biliary
Primary Biliary cirrhosis
78
Extrahepatic biliary obstruction
Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis
79
Female, Fat, Fertile, Forty
Gallstones
80
Black GB stone
radiopaque, hemolysis
81
Brown GB stone
radiolucent, infection
82
Neurohormonal activation triggering contraction of GB, forcing a stone into the cystic duct
Biliary colic
83
Gallstone ileus
Gallstone onstructing ileocecal valve, waxing and waning RUG pain
84
Diagnosis for gall stone
ultrasound
85
Cholesterol GB stone
radiolucent, opaque if calcified, assoc with obesity, Crohn, CF, estrogen, rapid wt loss, Native American
86
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus formation
GB mucosa dives down into smooth muscle of GB wall. Vague RUQ pain
87
(+) Murphy Sign
inspiratory arrest on RUQ palpation due to pain (Cholecystitis)
88
Acute of Chronic inflammatio of GB
Cholecystitis
89
Calcified GB due to chronic cholecystitis
Porcelain GB, high rates of GB carcinoma
90
Autodigestion of pancreas by pancreatic enzymes
Acute Pancreatitis
91
Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
GET SMASHED gallstones, ethanol, trauma, steroids, mumps, autoimmune dx, scorpion sting, hypercalcemia, hyperTG (>1000mg/dL), ERCP, Drugs (sulfa)
92
Increased Amylase and Lipase
Acute Pancreatitis
93
Calcification of pancreas, caused by alcohol abuse and CF
Chronic Pancreatitis
94
CA-19-9 tumor marker
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
95
Trousseau Syndrome
migratory thrombophlebitis, redness and tenderness on palpating extremities associated with Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
96
Whipple Procedure
remove head and neck of pancreas, duodenum an dGB | helps tx pancreatic adenocarcinoma
97
Risk Factors for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Tobacco, Chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, >50y/o, jewish or black
98
OP
Penis

First Aid Gastrointestinal (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions