Pathology

Question 1

Rhinitis

Answer 1

Rhinovirus, allergic rhinitis, Type I hypersensitivity, eosinophils
Associated with asthma and eczema

Question 2

Nasal polyp

Answer 2

Cystic fibrosis

Aspirin intolerant asthma

Question 3

Angiofibroma

Answer 3

benign tumor in nasal mucosa, epistaxis

Question 4

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 4

Malignant
EBV
Pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells

Question 5

Acute epiglottis

Answer 5

H. influenza B

Inspiratory stridor

Question 6

Laryngotracheobronchitis (CROUP)

Answer 6

Upperairway inflammation, parainfluenza

Hoarse barking cough

Question 7

Vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule)

Answer 7

myxoid, hoarseness, rest voice

Question 8

laryngeal papilloma

Answer 8

Benign, HPV6 and 11

Question 9

Laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 9

squamous cell carcinoma
Risks alcohol and tabacco
hoarseness, cough, stridor

Question 10

Pneumonia

Answer 10

Fever chills, productive cough with yellow-green sputum( pus) or rusty (blood), tachypnea with pleuritic chest pain, decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, elevated WBC
Diagnose: CXR, sputum culture, blood culture
three types: lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia

Question 11

Lobar pneumonia

Answer 11

consolidation of entire lobe, S. Pneumoniae, Klebsiella.

Congestion, red hepatization (due to exudate n filling alveolar), gray hepatization (degradation), resolution

Question 12

Bronchopneumonia

Answer 12

scattered pathy consolidation centered around bronchioles, multifocal, bilateral.

Question 13

Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia

Answer 13

Diffuse interstial infiltrates, mild upper resp symptoms (minimum sputum, low fever)
Bacterial or viral

Question 14

Aspiration pneumonia

Answer 14

Alcoholics, comatose patients, Bacteroides, fusobacterium, peptococcus

Question 15

Tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 15

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Primary TB (asymptomatic) 
Secondary TB (AIDS)

Question 16

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 16

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Bronchiectasis

Question 17

Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 17

Blue bloater, Reid index >50%, persistent cough with buckets of mucus

Question 18

Emphysema

Answer 18

Pink puffer, A1AT panacinar w liver cirrhois , smoking centriacinar. Hypoxema, cor pulmonale

Question 19

Asthma

Answer 19

TH2, leukotrines, eosinophils, aspirin, spiral-shaped mucus plugs, Charchot-Leyden crystals.

Question 20

Bronchiectasis

Answer 20

inflammation, purulent sputum (smelly)

Question 21

Restrictive lung diseases

Answer 21

Sarcoidosis, IPF, Pneumoconioses, hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Question 22

Idiopathy pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 22

TGF beta, bleomycin, amiodaone, honeycomb lung, transplantation

Question 23

Pneumoconioses

Answer 23

Asbestosis, Berylliosis, Coal miners pneumoconiosis, Silicosis

Question 24

Asbestosis

Answer 24

Lung cancer, mesothelioma,, pleural plaques, asbestos bodies

Question 25

Silicosis

Answer 25

Fibrotic nodules in upper lobes of lungs, TB risk increases

Question 26

Coal Miners pneumoconiosis

Answer 26

Caplan syndrome, anthracosis, Rheumatoid arthitis, black lung

Question 27

Berylliosis

Answer 27

Aerospace, noncaseated granuloma, risk lung cancer | Tx: corticosteroids

Question 28

Sarcoidosis

Answer 28

Elevated ACE, Hypercalcemia, asteroid bodies, AA females, noncaseating granulomas, Tx: Steroids or goes away

Question 29

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Answer 29

Pigeon breeder's lung, granulomatous, fever, flu-like symptoms

Question 30

Pulmonary Hypertension

Answer 30

>25 mmHg, primary (BMPR2) and secondary

Question 31

Respiratory Distress syndrome

Answer 31

whiteout, hyaline membrane, give PEEP

Question 32

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 32

hyaline, low surfactant (lecithin/ DPPC) | Norm ratio >2

Question 33

Small cell carcinoma

Answer 33

Chemo, smoking, central, syndromes

Question 34

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 34

Keratin pearls, male smoker, central PTHrP

Question 35

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 35

Most common, nonsmokers, female smokers, glands mucin, pleural involvement

Question 36

Large cell carcinoma

Answer 36

poorly differentiated, smoking, central or peripheral, poor prognosis

Question 37

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

Answer 37

Not related to smoking, peripheral, Pneumonia-like

Question 38

Carcinoid tumor

Answer 38

Not related to smoking, central or peripheral . low-grade malignancy

Question 39

Metastasis to the lung

Answer 39

From breast and colon

Question 40

Pneumothorax

Answer 40

spontaneous or tension

Question 41

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Answer 41

trachea side of collapse

Question 42

Tension pneumothorax

Answer 42

trachea opposite side, MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Question 43

Mesothelioma

Answer 43

Exposure to asbestos, malignant neoplasm | Presents: Recurrent pleural effusions, dyspnea, and chest pain; Tumor encases the lung