Pathology

Question 1

At what level is the thyroid gland situated?

Answer 1

C6/7

Question 2

What structures are the thryoid made of?

Answer 2

Follicles

Question 3

Histologically, what kind of cells make up the follicle?

Answer 3

Cuboidal follicular epithelial cells

Question 4

Where does the thyroglobulin live within the follicle?

Answer 4

In the colloid

Question 5

What are the parafollicular cells often called?

Answer 5

C cells

Question 6

What do C cells produce?

Answer 6

Calcitonin

Question 7

Which hormone, made in the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary?

Answer 7

Thyrotopin releasing hormone

Question 8

Which hormone is made in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 8

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 9

Where does TSH act on?

Answer 9

TSH receptor on the surface of thyroid epithelial cells

Question 10

What intermediate step is needed before thyroglobulin is released?

Answer 10

G proteins on the TSH receptor convert GTP to GDP and produces cAMP

Question 11

What does cAMP do?

Answer 11

Causes the release of T3 and T4

Question 12

What is the main cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 12

Grave’s disease

Question 13

What is the main cause of hypothyroidism?

Answer 13

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 14

In whom does Graves commonly present?

Answer 14

Females aged 20-40

Question 15

What is Grave’s disease?

Answer 15

Antibodies to the TSH receptor, thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxisomes

Question 16

What three things are common in Grave’s disease?

Answer 16

Hyperthryoidism
Eye changes e.g. exophthalmos
Pretibial myxoedema

Question 17

Who does Hashimotos’s disease affect?

Answer 17

Middle aged women with other AI diseases

Question 18

What drugs can cause hypothyroidism?

Answer 18

Lithim

Amiodarone

Question 19

What antibodies are present in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 19

Anti-thyroglobulin

Anti-peroxidase (Anti-TPO)

Question 20

What inflammatory cells are involved in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 20

CD8 cells

Cytokines

Question 21

What cancer is more likely in someone with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 21

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Question 22

A rise in what hormone causes goitre?

Answer 22

TSH

Question 23

What can a multinodular goitre be mistaken for?

Answer 23

Thyroid neoplasm

Question 24

How might a follicular adenoma present?

Answer 24

Discrete solitary mass

Question 25

Is an adenoma TSH dependent or independent?

Answer 25

Independent

Question 26

How can an ademona cause hyperthryoidism?

Answer 26

It can secrete T3/4

Question 27

In whom do thyroid carcinomas present?

Answer 27

Early adult females

Question 28

What is the most common type of carcinoma?

Answer 28

Papillary

Question 29

What kind of nuclei are said to be present in papillary carcinomas?

Answer 29

Orphan Annie nuclei

Question 30

What other bodies are present on histology in a papillary carcinoma?

Answer 30

Psammoma bodies

Question 31

How does follicular cancer tend to spread?

Answer 31

Haematogenously

Question 32

In which carcinoma may amyloid be depositied?

Answer 32

Medullary

Question 33

What cells make up the parathyroid?

Answer 33

Chief cells | Oxyphil cells

Question 34

What hormone does the parathyroid glands secrete?

Answer 34

Parathyroid hormone

Question 35

Which genetic condition can have hypoparathyroid?

Answer 35

Di George syndrome

Question 36

What is the mneumonic for Di George syndrome?

Answer 36

``` Cardiac abnormalities (TOF) Abnormal facies Thymus hypoplasia Cleft palate Hypoparathyroidism 22 - chromosome 22 ```

Question 37

What can hypoparathyroidism cause?

Answer 37

Tetany Long QT Dental abnormalities Cataracts