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Pathology Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What glands does the ear contain?

A

sebaceous and ceruminous

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2
Q

What type of mucosa is found in the middle ear?

A

columnar lined mucosa

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3
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the nasal vestibule?

A

squamous

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4
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the nose, sinus etc?

A

schneiderian epithelium

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5
Q

What is Scneiderian epithelium?

A

identical to respiratory epithelium

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6
Q

What is respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar. Sero-mucinous glands

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7
Q

What covers the true vocal cords?

A

squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of salivary glands?

A

acinar component and ductular

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9
Q

What do the serous cells contain?

A

digestive enzymes including amylase

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the peripheral myoepithelial cells?

A

contractile properties

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11
Q

What usually causes otitis media?

A

viruses

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12
Q

What bacteria can cause otitis media?

A

strep. pneumoniae; H.influenzae; moxarella

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13
Q

What organism should be suspected in chronic otitis media?

A

psuedomonas

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14
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A

abnormally situated squamous epithelium with high cell turnover and abundant keratin which stimulates inflam

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15
Q

Where are cholesteatomas found?

A

superior posterior middle ear and/or petrous apex

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16
Q

What are the causes of cholesteatoma?

A

chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane

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17
Q

What age group gets cholesteatoma?

A

any age group

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18
Q

What is a vestibular Schwannoma?

A

benign tumour of Schwann cells of the vestibular portion of CNVIII

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19
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

produce myelin for nerve cells

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20
Q

Where are vestibular Schwannomas typically found?

A

in the temporal bone at the cerebellopontine angle- make up 80-90% of tumours found here.

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21
Q

What should be considered if a patient has bilteral vestibular schwannomas and are young?

A

neurofibromatosis type 2

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22
Q

What is the genetic inheritance for NF1?

A

autosomal dominant

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23
Q

What is seen with NF1?

A

widespread neurofibromas; bony defects; cafe-au-lait spots; axillary freckling; lisch nodules; learning disabilities; short stature

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24
Q

What is seen on pathology of vestibular Schwannoma?

A

elongated cells with nuclear palisading- nuclei line up together (Verocay bodies)

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25
What is seen with NF2?
cafe-au-lait spots (less than type 2); bilateral vestibular schwannoma; cataracts; optic glioma; meningioma
26
What are the aetiologies of nasal polyps?
allergy; infection; asthma; aspirin sensitivity; nickel exposure
27
What should be considered in the young with nasal polyps?
CF
28
What is Samters triad?
asthma; aspirin sensitivity and nasal polyps
29
What is seen on pathology of nasal polyps?
filled with fluid- only respirayory epithelium left- everything else has been puoshed away by the fluid
30
What are the features of upper airway disease in GPA?
nasal obstruction; ulcers; epistaxis; destruction of the nasal septum; sinusitis
31
What are the antibodies found in GPA?
cANCA directed against PR3
32
Who gets GPA?
usually white and >40years
33
What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?
EBV; volatile nitrosamines in food
34
Who gets nasophayrngeal carcinoma?
very high incidence in far east; males
35
What cells does EBV infect?
epithelial cells of oropharynx and B cell
36
How is EBV involved in carcinogenesis?
EBV hi-jacks and mimicks helper T cell responses leading to proliferation and survival of B cells- increased risk of lymphoma
37
what causes of laryngeal polyps?
reactive change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to vocal abuse; infection and smoking, occ. in hypothyroidism
38
Where do laryngeal polyps tend to occur?
posterior aspect of cords
39
What should be suspected in anterior polyps?
more likely to be malignant
40
What is the difference between nodules and polyps?
nodules are bilateral and seen in young women; polyps are unilateral and pedunculated
41
What can cause contact ulcers?
chronic throat infection; voice abuse; GORD
42
What is seen on pathology of contact ulcers?
similar to nodules and polyps but with the addition of ulceration and granulation tissues- new blood vessels and fibrous tissue
43
What are the 2 peaks of incidence with papillomatosis?
<5 years and between 20-40
44
What is papillomatosis realted to?
HPV exposure- 6&11
45
Who gets papillomatosis worse?
in children it is a more aggressive disease whereas in adults they tend to be solitary
46
What is the name for a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone nuermous changes due to infection by HPV?
koilocytosis
47
Waht is a paraganglioma?
a tmour arising from neuroendocrine cells
48
What are chromaffin +ve paraganglioma?
seen typically below the diaphragm and affect the sympathetic nervous system- secrete catecholamines eg phaeochromocytoma
49
What do chromaffin -ve paragangliomas affect?
carotid and aortic bodies' clusters around oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx, larynx and orbit
50
What is seen in MEN1?
parathyroid adenoma pancreas endocrine tumours pituitary prolactinoma
51
What is seen in MEN 2?
medullary thyroid carcinoma; phaeochromocytoma; parathyroid hyperplasia
52
What can paragangliomas arise as a part of?
MEN2
53
What are the risk factors for developing SCC?
alcohol; smoking; HPV
54
How is HPV involved in carcinogenesis?
produces proteins E6 and E7 which disrupt p53 and RB pathways leading to cellular immortality
55
What type of HPV is associated with SCCs?
16
56
What is the most common site for salivary gland tumours?
parotid
57
What are tumours in smaller glands more likely ot be?
malignant
58
What is sialolithiasis?
stones in salivary glands
59
What is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?
pleomorphic adenoma
60
Who gets pleomorphic adenomas?
females over 60
61
Why are pleomorphic adenomas difficult to excise?
recurrence
62
What is the risk is pleomorphic adenomas are left?
malignant transformation
63
What is Warthin's tumour?
second most common benign tumour of salivary glands
64
Who gets Warthin's tumour?
males over 50
65
hwat is Warthin's associated with?
smoking
66
What is the most common carcinoma of the salivary glands worldwide?
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
67
What is the most common carcinoma of the salivary glands in the UK?
adenoid cystic carcinoma
68
Why do patients get pain early on with adenoid cystic carcinomas?
frequent perineural invasion
69
Who gets adneoid cystic carcinomas?
over 40s; affects parotid most commonly

ENT (13 decks)

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