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Pathology - Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Cause of increased temperature? Be specfic

A

Increase in greenhouse gases - CO2, ozone and methane and water vapor.

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2
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Exogenous chemicals that can be inhaled in to the body

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3
Q

Carcinogen in cigarette smoke

A

Benzoapyrene

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4
Q

Most pervasive air pollutant

A

Ozone - due to formation of free radicals injuring the mucosal epithelium

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5
Q

Most commonest indoor pollutant

A

tobacco smoke

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6
Q

Most of Lead Absorbed to what organ

A

Bones and Teeth

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7
Q

Effects of Lead in adults and children?

A

Adults: Peripheral neuropathies.
Children: Brain damage.
Also renal failure.

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8
Q

What lead interferes with?

A

Intereferes with sulhydrylgroups, aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and delta ferrochelatase, inhibits Na/K ATPase causing hemolysis.

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9
Q

Diagnosis of Lead

A

Zinc protoporphyrin levels are high instead of heme formation and basophilic stippling

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10
Q

Features of mercury poisoning

A

Tremor, Gingivitis and bizarre behavior

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11
Q

Sources of mercury

A

Fish and dental amalgams

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12
Q

Minamata disease

A

release of methyl mercury causing cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness and CNS issues of kids in utero by blocking ion channels

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13
Q

Sources of Arsenic

A

Wood preservatives, soil, water, herbicides

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14
Q

Most toxic form of Arsenic

A

Trivalent form

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15
Q

Features of Arsenic Intoxicity

A

Interference with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, hyper-pigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the skin, basal and squamous cell and lung carcinomas

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16
Q

Source of cadmium

A

Nickel-Cadmium batteries. Food is most important source of exposure

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17
Q

Features of cadmium intoxicity

A

Obstructive lung disease, renal toxicity, osteoporosis and osteomalacia

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18
Q

Rubber workers exposure to benzene risks

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Aplasia in bone marrow

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19
Q

DDT toxicity

A

Neurologic toxicity

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20
Q

PCBs toxicity

A

Skin disorders - Acne, hyper-pigmentation and hyperkeratosis around face and ear

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21
Q

Bisphenol toxicity ( inside of bottles)

A

Heart Disease

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22
Q

Vinyl chloride toxicity

A

Angiosarcoma of the liver

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23
Q

Inhalation of mineral dusts toxicity

A

Pneumoconioses

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24
Q

Most common exogenous cause of human cancer

A

tobacco

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25
Most preventable cause of human death
Smoking
26
Effects of nicotine
Binds to brain receptors and releases catecholamines
27
Most common diseases caused by cigarette smoking
Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer, atherosclerosis and MI
28
Carcinogens in smoking
Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines and aromatic amines
29
Maternal smoking effects
Increase abortions, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation
30
Diagnosis of nicotine blood levels in non smoker is measuring
cotinine
31
Where does alcohol dehydrogenase works?
Hepatocytes cytosol to make aldehyde
32
Where does aldehyde dehydrogenase works?
Hepatocytes mitochondria to make acetate
33
Catalase function? and location
Break down alcohol in the peroxisome
34
CYP2E1 function and location
Breaks down alcohol and in the microsomes
35
Why fats accumulates in liver in alcoholics
Due to NAD+ used up to break down alcohol to aldehyde so no more NAD+ to oxidize oxidize fat so liver is stuffed
36
Acute alcoholism
Its effect is on liver - reversible, gastic damage and ulceration
37
Chronic alcoholism
affects al other organs and tissues. . alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and increased risk of HCC, cancers of oral caivity, larynx, and esophagus
38
Alcoholic injury to heart causes
Dilated cardiomyopathy
39
Moderate alcohol effects
Increase HDL and inhibit platelet aggregation
40
HRT with estrogen alone causes
increases endometrial cancer and breast cancer, thromboembolism
41
Oral contraceptives effect
increased risk of thrombosis due to increased coagulation factors and Hepatic adenoma
42
Effects of large Acetaminophen
Liver toxicity - NAPQI formed so depletes gluthathione and so ROS species cause liver damage
43
Overdose of aspirin
Dizziness, tinnitis ( ringing ears), , petechial hemorrhage, gastric ulcerations
44
Analgesic Nephropathy
Aspirin causing tubulonephritis and renal papillary necrosis
45
Cocaine MOA
Inhibit NE, Epi and DA reuptake. Cause MI because Epi makes heart work harder yet there is coronary vasoconstriction, dilated cardiomyopathy
46
Heroine
Opiod like morphine. more harmful than cocaine cause of hallucinations, somnolence and sedations, respiratory depression and death, nephrotic syndrome
47
Most widely used illegal drug
Marijuana
48
Non-ionizing radiation
Vibrates molecules but does not move
49
Ionizing radiation
Like X-rays, gamma rays, moves molecules. Mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic
50
Most important mechanism of DNA damage in ionizing radiation
ROS
51
Effect of ionization on RBCs and bone marrow
RBCs are radio-resistant but bone marrow cells are not
52
Primary malnutrition
one or all components of nutrition missing from diet
53
Secondary, Conditonal malnutrition
Diet adequate but malabsorption is issue
54
Somatic compartment
skeletal muscles and is proteins in them, affected by marasmus
55
Viseral compartment
Liver and the protein stores, affected by Kwashiorkor
56
Marasmus
When weight level is 60% of normal for height, sex and age. Affects somatic compartment. Serum albumin not affected
57
Kwashiorkor
When there is protein deprivation. There is hypo-albuminemia and generalized edema, hair changes, fatty liver.
58
Secondary Protein Energy Metabolism
Person with cancer, lost of weight, muscle atrophy by proteolysis inducing factor.
59
What makes leptin and adiponectin and functions?
Adipose tissue. Stimulate satiety at the arcuate hypothalamus to release POMC?CART to enhance energy expenditure and weight loss
60
What makes Ghrelin and function
Stomach..Stimulates hunger at the arcuate nucleus by activating NPY/AgRP for intake and weight gain
61
What makes Peptide YY and function
Endocrine cells in the Small intestine and ileum
62
What gene controls leptin?
Melanocortin receptor-4 gene
63
Benefits of omega 3
Reduce coronary artery disease risk
64
Issue with Aflatoxin
Can cause HCC

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