pathophys quiz 2 GI

Question 1

Ingestion

Answer 1

it is important to know that we reabsorb H2O bc we secrete so much H2O into our digestive system

Question 2

where do you absorb most of the H2O

Answer 2

small intestine (absorption is constant)

Question 3

where else is water absorbed

Answer 3

large intestine, but it varies (this is why you become constipated)

Question 4

Two ways food is digested

Answer 4

mechanically and chemically

Question 5

where do chemical and mechanical digestion begin?

Answer 5

the mouth

Question 6

Mechanical digestion

Answer 6

mastication and peristalsis

Question 7

Chemical digestion

Answer 7

salivary amylase that breaks down carbs

-parasympathetic (rest and digestion) system releases salivary amylase

Question 8

Compartmentalization

Answer 8

One region can excel at digesting one type of nutrient, another can excel at digesting something else

Question 9

where do carbohydrates begin digestion?

Answer 9

the mouth

Question 10

where do proteins get digested?

Answer 10

stomach

Question 11

where do lipids get digested

Answer 11

small intestine

Question 12

Absorption for most nutrients occurs where?

Answer 12

small intestine

Question 13

where is water absorbed

Answer 13

SI and LI

Question 14

where are drugs absorbed?

Answer 14

Mouth, stomach, SI, LI (depends on the drug)

Question 15

Digestion disassembly process

Answer 15

Ingestion-digestion-absorption-secretion-elimination

Question 16

elimination

Answer 16

involves parasympathetic and local reflexes

Question 17

what are the 2 parts of the digestive system that involve any voluntary control?

Answer 17

ingestion (no eating)

elimination (holding yo shit)

Question 18

GI regulation control mechanisms are mostly (voluntary or involuntary)

Answer 18

involuntary

Question 19

GI regulation is governed by what?

Answer 19

Volume, position, composition the luminal contents (not by the nutritional state of the body)

Question 20

what is the purpose of the mucosa?

Answer 20

enhance surface area in mucosal epithelium

Question 21

High surface area is needed in digestion for…

Answer 21

more surface area for secretion, chemical reactions of digestion (many happen on surfaces of lumen cells), and absorption

Question 22

what two types of cells does the epithelium have and what do they do?

Answer 22

Exocrine- make digestive chemicals or enzymes

Endocrine- communicate with other parts of the GI tract

Question 23

What does the submucosa contain?

Answer 23

• Blood flow (fantastic) - feature portal system - direct oath for nutrients from the GI tract to the liver
• Nerve Plexus

Question 24

Nerve plexus

Answer 24

-innervated by the autonomic (parasympathetic, via vagus nerve) nervous system, which can have a significant effect on the actions of your GI tract

Question 25

Muscularis

Answer 25

- Circular muscle inside (concentric, like the sections of an earthworm you can see), and long muscle outside. it is how the digestive tract does the two types of movement it does- concentric contractions and peristalsis - It also houses local and autonomic nerve but theres no voluntary control

Question 26

Serosa (adventitia)

Answer 26

outer covering that comes between the GI tract and the peritoneal cavity

Question 27

GI tract wall layers

Answer 27

Mucosa-Submucosa-Muscularis-Serosa

Question 28

Digestion route

Answer 28

Mouth- pharynx-esophagus-peristalsis-stomach

Question 29

Functions of Mouth and pharynx

Answer 29

- Mechanical digestion of all food - Chemical digestion of carbs (salivary amylase) - Voluntary + reflexive control of swallowing - a complex process - Soft palate keeps food from going up into the nose - Epiglottis keeps food from going down the trachea

Question 30

Esophagus layers

Answer 30

-Mucosa- stratified squamous, so its durable. Not a ton of surface area bc theres no absorption here -Submucosa- Nerves, vessels, and connective tissue -Muscularis- longitudinal and circular smooth muscle; responsible for peristalsis -Adventitia (serosa)- holds esophagus to the structures around it (we use these layers to stage cancer)

Question 31

Sphincter

Answer 31

muscular 'doorway' that opens to allow passage, closes to prevent it

Question 32

what are the 2 types of sphincters and where are they located?

Answer 32

upper and lower esophageal sphincter (UES and LES) Upper= at pharynx Lower= near diaphragm

Question 33

GERD

Answer 33

LES is leaky

Question 34

Hiatal hernia

Answer 34

stomach herniated up in the thoracic region

Question 35

Barrett's

Answer 35

- can lead to cancer | - damage of stratified squamous by acid by LES

Question 36

Peristalsis

Answer 36

- happens throughout the digestive tract - the higher in the tract the more rapidly peristalsis happens - involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Question 37

What is the stomachs pH?

Answer 37

2

Question 38

How does the stomach mechanically digest food?

Answer 38

chyme

Question 39

The stomach is a food reservoir, how big can it stretch:?

Answer 39

40-1000 ml

Question 40

what is the only thing the stomach can chemically digest?

Answer 40

proteins

Question 41

stomach facts:

Answer 41

- nutrient pacer (releases a bit at a time to the duodenum) - minimal absorber - look up the F,B,A,P of the stomach

Question 42

Stomach wall

Answer 42

Mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa

Question 43

stomach mucosa

Answer 43

``` columnar epithelium (easily damaged): this is often what you see in a tissue with many glands. replaces itself every 3 days bc of wear and tear of acid. full of glands that produce HCl and pepsinogen (exocrine), gastrin (endocrine) -gastric gland ```

Question 44

gastric gland

Answer 44

- mucous cells = mucous - parietal cells=HCl - Chief cells= Pepsinogen - Enteroendocrine cells (G cells) = gastrin (it is endocrine to talk to pancreas and small intestine)

Question 45

stomach submucosa

Answer 45

rich blood supply + nerve plexusendocrine

Question 46

stomach muscular is

Answer 46

even an extra layer of muscle so churning can be vigorous, distention can be undone, and peristalsis can happen. -nerve plexus is also there

Question 47

stomach serosa

Answer 47

entry point for vessels and nerves