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Pathophys quiz 2 > pathophys quiz 2 GI > Flashcards

pathophys quiz 2 GI Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

it is important to know that we reabsorb H2O bc we secrete so much H2O into our digestive system

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2
Q

where do you absorb most of the H2O

A

small intestine (absorption is constant)

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3
Q

where else is water absorbed

A

large intestine, but it varies (this is why you become constipated)

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4
Q

Two ways food is digested

A

mechanically and chemically

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5
Q

where do chemical and mechanical digestion begin?

A

the mouth

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6
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

mastication and peristalsis

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7
Q

Chemical digestion

A

salivary amylase that breaks down carbs

-parasympathetic (rest and digestion) system releases salivary amylase

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8
Q

Compartmentalization

A

One region can excel at digesting one type of nutrient, another can excel at digesting something else

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9
Q

where do carbohydrates begin digestion?

A

the mouth

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10
Q

where do proteins get digested?

A

stomach

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11
Q

where do lipids get digested

A

small intestine

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12
Q

Absorption for most nutrients occurs where?

A

small intestine

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13
Q

where is water absorbed

A

SI and LI

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14
Q

where are drugs absorbed?

A

Mouth, stomach, SI, LI (depends on the drug)

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15
Q

Digestion disassembly process

A

Ingestion-digestion-absorption-secretion-elimination

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16
Q

elimination

A

involves parasympathetic and local reflexes

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17
Q

what are the 2 parts of the digestive system that involve any voluntary control?

A

ingestion (no eating)

elimination (holding yo shit)

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18
Q

GI regulation control mechanisms are mostly (voluntary or involuntary)

A

involuntary

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19
Q

GI regulation is governed by what?

A

Volume, position, composition the luminal contents (not by the nutritional state of the body)

20
Q

what is the purpose of the mucosa?

A

enhance surface area in mucosal epithelium

21
Q

High surface area is needed in digestion for…

A

more surface area for secretion, chemical reactions of digestion (many happen on surfaces of lumen cells), and absorption

22
Q

what two types of cells does the epithelium have and what do they do?

A

Exocrine- make digestive chemicals or enzymes

Endocrine- communicate with other parts of the GI tract

23
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A
  • Blood flow (fantastic) - feature portal system - direct oath for nutrients from the GI tract to the liver
  • Nerve Plexus
24
Q

Nerve plexus

A

-innervated by the autonomic (parasympathetic, via vagus nerve) nervous system, which can have a significant effect on the actions of your GI tract

25
Q

Muscularis

A
  • Circular muscle inside (concentric, like the sections of an earthworm you can see), and long muscle outside. it is how the digestive tract does the two types of movement it does- concentric contractions and peristalsis
  • It also houses local and autonomic nerve but theres no voluntary control
26
Q

Serosa (adventitia)

A

outer covering that comes between the GI tract and the peritoneal cavity

27
Q

GI tract wall layers

A

Mucosa-Submucosa-Muscularis-Serosa

28
Q

Digestion route

A

Mouth- pharynx-esophagus-peristalsis-stomach

29
Q

Functions of Mouth and pharynx

A
  • Mechanical digestion of all food
  • Chemical digestion of carbs (salivary amylase)
  • Voluntary + reflexive control of swallowing - a complex process
  • Soft palate keeps food from going up into the nose
  • Epiglottis keeps food from going down the trachea
30
Q

Esophagus layers

A

-Mucosa- stratified squamous, so its durable. Not a ton of surface area bc theres no absorption here
-Submucosa- Nerves, vessels, and connective tissue
-Muscularis- longitudinal and circular smooth muscle; responsible for peristalsis
-Adventitia (serosa)- holds esophagus to the structures around it
(we use these layers to stage cancer)

31
Q

Sphincter

A

muscular ‘doorway’ that opens to allow passage, closes to prevent it

32
Q

what are the 2 types of sphincters and where are they located?

A

upper and lower esophageal sphincter (UES and LES)
Upper= at pharynx
Lower= near diaphragm

33
Q

GERD

A

LES is leaky

34
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

stomach herniated up in the thoracic region

35
Q

Barrett’s

A
  • can lead to cancer

- damage of stratified squamous by acid by LES

36
Q

Peristalsis

A
  • happens throughout the digestive tract
  • the higher in the tract the more rapidly peristalsis happens
  • involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
37
Q

What is the stomachs pH?

A

2

38
Q

How does the stomach mechanically digest food?

A

chyme

39
Q

The stomach is a food reservoir, how big can it stretch:?

A

40-1000 ml

40
Q

what is the only thing the stomach can chemically digest?

A

proteins

41
Q

stomach facts:

A
  • nutrient pacer (releases a bit at a time to the duodenum)
  • minimal absorber
  • look up the F,B,A,P of the stomach
42
Q

Stomach wall

A

Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

43
Q

stomach mucosa

A 
columnar epithelium (easily damaged): this is often what you see in a tissue with many glands. replaces itself every 3 days bc of wear and tear of acid. full of glands that produce HCl and pepsinogen (exocrine), gastrin (endocrine)
-gastric gland
44
Q

gastric gland

A
  • mucous cells = mucous
  • parietal cells=HCl
  • Chief cells= Pepsinogen
  • Enteroendocrine cells (G cells) = gastrin (it is endocrine to talk to pancreas and small intestine)
45
Q

stomach submucosa

A

rich blood supply + nerve plexusendocrine

46
Q

stomach muscular is

A

even an extra layer of muscle so churning can be vigorous, distention can be undone, and peristalsis can happen.
-nerve plexus is also there

47
Q

stomach serosa

A

entry point for vessels and nerves

Pathophys quiz 2 (4 decks)

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