Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NHA CCMA Test > Pathophysiology and Disease > Flashcards

Pathophysiology and Disease Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Treatment

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Endocrine System

A

Insulin Treatment

Cause: Unknown (possibly autoimmune, genetic, or environmental)

Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Blurry Vision, Weight Loss, Elevated Blood Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Endocrine System

A

Diet Modification, Exercise, Medication, Insulin Therapy Treatment

Cause: Obesity, Inactivity, Genetics

Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Elevated Blood Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Endocrine System

A

Weight Loss, Estrogen, and Progestin Treatment

Cause: Unknown (possibly genetic, excessive insulin)

Symptoms: Irregular Menstrual Cycles, Elevated Hormone Levels, Multiple Cysts on Ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypothyroidism

Endocrine System

A

Synthetic Thyroid Hormone Medication (levothyroxine) Treatment

Cause: Autoimmune Disease, Medications, Thyroid Surgery

Symptoms: Fatigue, Weight Gain, Muscle Aches, Bradycardia, Depression, Elevated Cholesterol, Dry Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Endocrine System

A

Radioactive Iodine, Antithyroid Medication, Beta Blockers, Thyroidectomy Treatment

Cause: Graves Disease, Thyroiditis, Plummer’s Disease

Symptoms: Weight Loss, Tachycardia, Anxiety, Fatigue, Sleep Disruption, Goiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

Integumentary System

A

Curettage & Electrodessication, Mohs Surgery, Cryosurgery, Laser Therapy Treatment

Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure

Symptoms: New Growth or Sore that DOES NOT Heal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Integumentary System

A

Curettage & Electrodessication, Mohs Surgery, Cryosurgery, Lasar Therapy Treatment

Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure, Less Common than BCC

Symptoms: Spreads to Surrounding Tissue, Most Common on Face/Head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Malignant Melanoma

Integumentary System

A

Depends on Stage of Lesion:
Surgery, Lymph Node Biopsy, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Immunotherapy Treatment

Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure

Symptoms: Itchy/Bleeding Mole, New Mole, Mole with Chnage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acne Vulgaris

Integumentary System

A

Regular Cleansing of Affected Area, OTC Benzoyl Peroxide Products, Prescription Medication (topical or oral) Treatment

Cause: Surge of Sex Hormones during Puberty, Excess Sebum on Skin

Symptoms: Black Heads, White Heads (comedos), Papules, Pustules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alopecia

Integumentary System

A

No Cure, Hair Transplant, Medications Can Slow Progression Treatment

Cause: Often Hereditary, Hormone Change, Chemo, Stress, Burns, Fungal

Symptoms: Loss or Lack of Hair Anywhere, Typically Scalp, Also Eyebrows/Eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cellulitis

Integumentary System

A

Oral/Topical Antibiotics, Hospitalization at Risk for Developing Systemic Infection Treatment

Cause: Staphylocccal, Streptococcal Bacterial Infections

Symptoms: Red, Tight Skin, Pain Inflamed Area, Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dermatitis

Integumentary System

A

Treatment Based on Cause:
Corticosteroid Creams, Oral Steroids

Cause: Multiple Causative Agents, Contact with Irritants

Symptoms: Inflammation of Skin Resulting Rash, Pruritus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Eczema

Integumentary System

A

Topical or Systemic Steroids, NSAIDS for Discomfort Treatment

Cause: Unknown (possible allergy or inflammatory condition)

Symptoms: Chronic Dermatitis with Vesicular Eruptions developing into itchy, red, scaly rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Folliculitis

Integumentary System

A

Regular Cleansing of Affected Area, Topical Antibiotics, Electric Shaver instead of Razor Treatment

Cause: Shaving or Repeated Rubbing of Shaved Area, Bacteria, Fungi

Symptoms: Red, Itchy Hair Follicles (pimple apperance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Herpes Simplex

Integumentary System

A

No Cure, Antiviral Medication to Decrease Frequency of Outbreaks Treatment

Cause: Contact with Herpes Simplex Virus

Symptoms: Type 1: painful blisters on lips, mouth, and face
Type 2: similar lesions, located genital area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Impetigo

Integumentary System

A

Antibiotics, Frequent Cleansing of Area Treatment

Cause: Staphylococcal, Streptococcal Bacteria

Symptoms: Antibiotics, Frequent Cleansing of Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pediculosis

Integumentary System

A

Prescription or OTC Lice Shampoo Treatment

Cause: Parasitic Lice Infestation

Symptoms: Skin Itching, Nits (Eggs), Mostly Near Roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Psoriasis

Integumentary System

A

Oral NSAIDs, Topical Creams w/ Vit A & D, Hydrocortisone Cream, UV Treatment

Cause: Inherited Autoimmune Disorder

Symptoms: Silvery, Scaly, Severely Itchy Skin, Lesions, Systemic: Joint Pain/ Inflammation (psoriatic arthritis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ringworm

Integumentary System

A

Topical, Oral Antifungal Medication Treatment

Cause: Contact with Causative Fungas

Symptoms: Flat, Circular Lesions (dry, scaly, moist, crusty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rosacea

Integumentary System

A

Topical Cortisones, Antibiotics, Vascular Laser Therapy Treatment

Cause: Dilation of Small Facial Blood Vessels, Dilation is Unkown

Symptoms: Redness, Acne-like Eruptions on Face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osteoarthritis

Musculoskeletal System

A

NSAIDs, Intra-articular Injections, Arthroscopy, Joint Replacement Surgery Treatment

Cause: Inflammatory Processes, Metabolic Disorders

Symptoms: Stiff/Painful, Fluid Surrounding, Grating Sound Joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Musculoskeletal System

A

NSAIDs, Exercise, Heat/Cold Therapy, Cortisone Injections, Surgery Treatment

Cause: Autoimmune

Symptoms: Destruction of Joint Capsule Causing Scar Tissue to Form, Visible Joint Deformity, Loss of Joint Mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bursitis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Rest, Pain Medication, Steroid Injection, Aspiration of Joint Fluid, Antibiotics Treatment

Cause: Joint Pain and Swelling

Symptoms: Overuse, Joint Trauma, Bacterial Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of Tumors

Musculoskeletal System

A

Surgery, Chemo, Radiation Therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, Stem Cell Transplant Treatment

Cause: Unknown, Age 10 to 20, Male Sex

Symptoms: Surgery, Chemo, Radiation Therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, Stem Cell Transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gout | Musculoskeletal System
Dietary Changes (avoidance of rich, fatty foods), Pain Medications, Medications to Aid Elimination of Uric Acid in Kidneys Treatment | Cause: Deposits of Uric Acid Crystals Accumulate in Joint Spaces ## Footnote Symptoms: Joint Pain, Common (Big Toe/Knee), Joints, Stiffness, Swelling
26
Kyphosis | Musculoskeletal System
Exercise, Back Bracing, Harrington Rod, Spinal Fusion Treatment | Cause: Growth Retardation, Improper Develpment, Aging Disease ## Footnote Symptoms: Visible Upper Back Curvature (humpback)
27
Lordosis | Musculoskeletal System
Corrective Shoes, Exercise Treatment | Cause: Injury, Poor Posture, Wearing Heels ## Footnote Symptoms: Inward Curvature of the Lower Back (swayback)
28
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease) | Musculoskeletal System
Fracture Repair, Surgery w/ Metal Rod, Physical Therapy, Bracing Treatment | Cause: Hereditary ## Footnote Symptoms: Dental Issues, Fractures at Birth, Loose Joints, Muscle Weakness, Respiratory issues, Blue Sclera of Eye, Triangle-Face, Small Stature, Spinal Curvature
29
Osteoporosis | Musculoskeletal System
Medications, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Exercise, Supplements Treatment | Cause: Hormone Deficiencies, Sedentary Lifestyle, Lack of Vit D, Smoking ## Footnote Symptoms: Fractures, Common (spine, wrist, hips), Loss of Height, Kyphosis
30
Osteosarcoma | Musculoskeletal System
Surgery, Chemo, Radiation, Amputation of Limb Treatment | Cause: Unknown ## Footnote Symptoms: Pain in Affected Bones, Common (legs), Swelling with Development of Tumor Growth
31
Paget's Disease | Musculoskeletal System
Surgery, Medication, Physical Therapy Treatment | Cause: Hereditary, Viral ## Footnote Symptoms: Bone Pain, Deformity, Fractures, Excessive Bone Destruction
32
Scoliosis | Musculoskeletal System
Back Bracing, Physical Therapy, Surgery w/ Rod Placement Treatment | Cause: Possibly Genetic, Formation of Vertebrae, Muscle Weakness ## Footnote Symptoms: Bent Appearing Spine (laterally), Back Pain
33
Fibromyalgia | Musculoskeletal System
Antidepressants, NSAIDs, Physical Therapy, Trigger Point Injections Treatment | Cause: Unkown, Exacerbated Sleep, Deprivation, Emotional, Depression ## Footnote Symptoms: Fatigue, Point Tenderness, Trigger Points, Chronic Facial Pain, Sleep Disturbances
34
Muscular Dystrophy | Musculoskeletal System
Physical Therapy, Bracing, Ambulatory Devices, Medications Treatment | Cause: Hereditary ## Footnote Symptoms: Muscle Weakness Leading to Eventual Paralysis of Muscle Groups
35
Myasthenia Gravis | Musculoskeletal System
Avoiding Excessice Stress, Rest, Eye Patch, Medication Treatment | Cause: Autoimmune ## Footnote Symptoms: Double Vision, Muscle Weakness, Dysphagia, Difficulty Chewing/Breathing
36
Tendonitis | Musculoskeletal System
Rest, Ice, NSAIDs Treatment | Cause: Sports or Activity-Related ## Footnote Symptoms: Pain in Joints, Limited Range of Motion in Joint
37
Tetanus | Musculoskeletal System
Antitoxin and Antibiotic Medications Treatment | Cause: Toxin Produced by Clostridium Tetani ## Footnote Symptoms: Muscle Spasm in Jaw/Neck, Dyspnea, Fever, Irritability, Sweating, Drooling
38
Hypertension | Cardiovascular System
Lifestyle Modifications (diet, exercise, stress, no smoking), Medications Treatment | Cause: Narrowing Arteries, Increased Arterial Pressure, Risk Factors ## Footnote Symptoms: Excessive Sweating, Fatigue, Muscle Cramps, Headaches, Dizziness
39
Angina | Cardiovascular System
Sublingual Nitroglycerin, Underlying Condition Treatment | Cause: Coronary Artery Narrowing, Atherosclerosis ## Footnote Symptoms: Pain/Tightness in Chest
40
Coronary Artery Disease (atherosclerosis) | Cardiovascular System
Lipid-Lowering Medications, Low-Fat Diet, Exercise, No Smoking, ByPass Treatment | Cause: Build-Up of Fat/Cholesterol, Risk Factors ## Footnote Symptoms: Usually None until Heart Attack
41
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) | Cardiovascular System
Aspirin, CPR, Defibrillation, Anticoagulant Medication, Treatment | Cause: Coronary Atery Blockage, Atheroscierosis, Blood Clot ## Footnote Symptoms: Chest Pain, Shortness of Breath, Diaphoresis, Dizziness, Nausea
42
Aneurysum | Cardiovascular System
Surgery Treatment | Cause: Atherosclerosis, Smoking, High-Cholesterol, Obesity ## Footnote Symptoms: Usually None, Back Pain, Tachycardia, Dizziness
43
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) | Cardiovascular System
Medications (tachycardia, edema, antihypertensive) Treatment | Cause: Smoking, Obesity, Lifestyle, High-Cholesterol, Hypertension ## Footnote Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Wheezing, Peripheral Edema, Irregular Heartbeat
44
Mitral Valve Prolaspe | Cardiovascular System
None for Mild Cases, Medications, Surgery Treatment | Cause: Usually Unknown, Hereditary, Related to Nervous System Disorders ## Footnote Symptoms: Mild Cases No Symptoms, Severe Cases Shortness of Breath and Palpitations
45
Thrombophlebitis | Cardiovascular System
Heat, Compression Stockings, Anticoagulant Medications, Surgery Treatment | Cause: Inactivity, Hormone Replacement, Cancer, Paralysis ## Footnote Symptoms: Pain in Area, Redness, Swelling
46
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | Lymphatic/Immune System
Antiretroviral Medication, Antibiotics, No Cure | Cause: HIV Virus ## Footnote Symptoms: Low T-Cell Counts, Fever, Diaphoresis, Infections, Weight Loss
47
Lymphedema | Lymphatic/Immune System
Compression Stocking, Lymphedema Pump, Surgery Treatment | Cause: Parasitic Infection, Trauma, Surgical Removal of Lymph Nodes ## Footnote Symptoms: Persistent Tissue Swelling
48
Mononucleosis | Lymphatic/Immune System
Supportive Care Treatment | Cause: Epstein-Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus Treatment ## Footnote Symptoms: Extereme Fatigue, Sore Throat, Fever
49
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Lymphatic/Immune System
NSAIDSs (steroids, topical, creams) Treatment | Cause: Medications, Bacterial Infections, Autoimmune ## Footnote Symptoms: Fatigue, Body Pain, Butterfly Rash, Headaches, Nausea, Hair Loss, Weight Loss, Anemia, Shortness of Breath
50
Celiac Disease | Lymphatic/Immune System
Gluten-free Diet Treatment | Cause: Genetic Defect, Lack of Enzyme of Gluten, Autoimmune Reaction ## Footnote Symptoms: Weight Loss, Bloating, Loose Stools, Malabsorption
51
Asthma | Respiratory System
Avoiding Allergens/Irritants, Inhaler, Steroids, Antagonists, Injection Treatment | Casue: Allergens, Pollutants, Dust Mites, Cigarette Smoke ## Footnote Symptoms: Wheezing, Coughing, Tightness in Chest
52
Atelectasis | Respiratory System
Thoracentesis, Chest Percussion, Deep Breathing Excercises Treatment | Cause: Cystic Fibrosis, COPD, Pleurisy, Lung Cancer, Spontaneous ## Footnote Symptoms: Dyspnea, Cyanosis, Diaphoresis, Pain
53
Bronchitis | Respiratory System
Cough Medicine, Humidifier, Inhalers, Antibiotics Treatment | Cause: Viral, Enviromental Pollutants, Ciagarette Smoke ## Footnote Symptoms: Yellow-Gray or Green Product, Cough, Chest Tightness, Dyspnea, Fever
54
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | Respiratory System
Stop Smoking, Inhalers, Lung Transplant Treatment | Cause: Smoking, Environmental Pollutants ## Footnote Symptoms: Dyspnea, Hypoxia, Fatigue, Cough
55
Emphysema | Respiratory System
Stop Smoking, Avoid Cold Environments, Antibiotics Treatment | Cause: Damage to Alveoli, Pollutants, Specific Types of Dust ## Footnote Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Chronic Cough, Fatigue
56
Influenza | Respiratory System
Symptomatic, OTC for Aches, Fever, Antiviral Medications Treatment | Cause: Respiratory Virus ## Footnote Symptoms: Fever, Muscle Pains, Fatigue, Sore Throat, Rhinorrhea
57
Legionnaires' Disease | Respiratory System
Antibiotics, Respiratory Medications, Oxygen, Fever Medications Treatment | Cause; Legionella Bacteria Grow in Water ## Footnote Symptoms: Dyspnea, Cough, Headache, Fever
58
Pneumonia | Respiratory System
Rest, Antibiotics, OTC | Cause: Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic ## Footnote Symptoms: Thick- Color Sputum, Dyspnea, Fever, Cough
59
Pulmonary Edema | Respiratory System
Oxygen Therapy, Diuretics | Cause: Congestive Heart Failure, Myocardial Infarction, Drowning, Injury ## Footnote Symptoms: Orthopnea, Dyspnea, Wheeze, Productive Cough, Weight Gain, Pallor
60
Pulmonary Embolism | Respiratory System
Circulation Support, Rest, Anticoagulant Medication, Surgery Treatment | Cause: Blood clot Blocking Artery in Lung ## Footnote Symptoms: Dyspnea, Chest Pain, Cough, Fainting, Rapid Shortness, Diaphoresis
61
Severe Acute Respratory Syndrome (SARS) | Respiratory System
Rest, Antiviral Medications | Cause: Viral ## Footnote Symptoms: Fever, Headaches, Dry Cough
62
Tuberculosis (TB) | Respiratory System
Isolation, Medications Treatment | Cause: Bacterial ## Footnote Symptoms: Chronic Cough, Weight Loss, Fatigue, Night Sweats, Painful Breathing
63
Alzheimer's Disease | Nervous System
Physical Activity, Socialization, Medications, No Cure | Cause: Degenerative Brain Disease, Possibly Genetics ## Footnote Symptoms: Confusion, Memory Loss, Impaired Judgement, Personality Change, Worsens Over Time
64
Bell's Palsy | Nervous System
NSAIDs, Pain Relievers, Usually Self-Resolving Treatment | Cause: Unknown ## Footnote Symptoms: Weakness of Facial Muscles, Facial Numbness, Headache
65
Seizures | Nervous System
Medications, Surgery Treatment | Cause: Birth Trauma, Infections, Injury, Trauma, Drug Withdraw ## Footnote Symptoms: Uncontrolled Muscles, Contractions, Loss of Consciousness, Visual Disturbances
66
Meningitis | Nervous System
Appropriate Medications, Bacterial Fatal Treatment | Cause: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal Infection, ## Footnote Symptoms: Stiff Neck, Headache, Fever, Vomiting
67
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Nervous System
Supportive, Medications, No Cure | Cause: Viral, Genetic, Immune System Dysfunction ## Footnote Symptoms: Loss of Ability (walk, speak), Double Vision, Loss of Balance, Weakness in Arms/Legs
68
Parkinson's Disease | Nervous System
Supportive, Medications, No Cure | Cause: Lack of Neurotransmitters, Brain Tumors, Drugs, Head Trauma ## Footnote Symptoms: Arm/Leg Muscles, Joint Stiffness, Lack of Coordination, Tremor
69
Stroke | Nervous System
Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy Treatment | Cause: Blockage of Artery in Neck or Brain ## Footnote Symptoms: Paralysis, Confusion, Memory Impairment
70
Migraine Headache | Nervous System
Medications, Alternative Methods (acupuncture, biofeedback, magnesium) Treatment | Cause: Hormones, Stress, Dietary, Familial ## Footnote Symptoms: Dull to Throbbing Head, Sensitivity to Light & Sounds, Nausea, Vomitting, Visual Aura
71
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) | Reproductive System
Alpha Blockers, Mini Invasive Surgery, Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) Treatment | Cause: Increased Age, Increased level of dihydrotestosterone ## Footnote Symptoms: Feeling of Full Bladder after Urinating, Weak Urine Flow, Needing to Urinate Often
72
Hydrocele | Reproductive System
Surgery | Cause: Failure of Ingunial Ring to Close Properly in Development ## Footnote Symptoms: Few, Pain, Increased Size of Scrotum

NHA CCMA Test (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions