Module 6: Body Structures/Organ Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Organ
A
body tissues that work together to perform a specific function
2
Q
System
A
multiple organs working together to perform a complex function
3
Q
Structure of Organ System
A
Cell to Tissue to Organ to Organ System
4
Q
Anatomical Position
A
standing erect, arms at the sides of the body with eyes and palms facing forward, legs parallel with toes pointing forward
5
Q
Anatomical Position
A
standing erect, arms at the sides of the body with eyes and palms facing forward, legs parallel with toes pointing forward
6
Q
Superior
cranial
A
above or closer to the head
the esophagus is superior to the stomach
7
Q
Inferior
caudal
A
below or closer to the feet
the bladder is inferior to the kidneys
8
Q
Anterior
ventral
A
toward the front of the body
the sternum is anterior to the spine
9
Q
Posterior
dorsal
A
toward the back of the body
the sacrum is posterior to the pubis symphysis
10
Q
Medial
A
closer to the midline of the body
the tibia is the medial bone of lower leg
11
Q
Lateral
A
further away from the midline of the body
the radius is lateral to the ulna
12
Q
Proximal
A
closer to the trunk of the body
the proximal femur articulates with the pelvis to form the hip joint
13
Q
Distal
A
farther away from the trunk
the distal humerus helps to form the elbow
14
Q
Superficial
A
closer to the surface of the body
veins are superficial to arteries
15
Q
Deep
A
farther from the body’s surface
arteries are deeper than veins
16
Q
Sagittal Plane
Planes of the Body
A
divides the body into left and right sides
Midsagittal refers to an equal divison of left and right sides, running along the midline of the body
17
Q
Transverse Plane
Planes of the Body
A
divides the body into upper and lower sections, not necessarily equally
18
Q
Frontal Planr
coronal plane
Planes of the Body
A
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
19
Q
Cranial Cavity
Body Cavities
A
within the bony cranium, houses the meninges (brain)
20
Q
Spinal Cavity
Body Cavities
A
continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back
21
Q
Thoracic Cavity
Body Cavities
A
within the chest, houses the lungs, heart, and major vessels
22
Q
Abdominal Cavity
Body Cavities
A
within the abdomen, houses several major organs
23
Q
Pelvic Cavity
Body Cavities
A
inferior to the abdominal cavity, houses the bladder
24
Q
Right Upper Quadrant
Body Quadrants
A
RUQ
25
Left Upper Quadrant
## Footnote
Body Quadrants
LUQ
26
Right Lower Quadrant
## Footnote
Body Quadrants
RLQ
27
Left Lower Quadrant
## Footnote
Body Quadrants
LLQ
28
Nine Body Regions
Right Hypochodriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Epigastric Region
Umbilical Region
Hypogastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left Lumbar Region
Left Iliac Region
29
Homeostasis
a balanced, stable state within the body
30
Skin
## Footnote
Integumentary System
responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production
31
Hair Follicles
## Footnote
Integumentary System
generate hair
32
Sebaceous Glands
| Oil
## Footnote
Integumentary System
produce sebum to keep skin and hair soft, and prevent bacteria from growing on the skin
33
Fingernails and Toenails
## Footnote
Integumentary System
protect the ends of fingers and toes
34
Sudoriferous Glands
| Sweat
## Footnote
Integumentary System
produce sweat to aid in cooling the body
35
Epidermis Layer
## Footnote
Integumentary System
outermost layer of epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body
36
Dermis Layer
## Footnote
Integumentary System
thick layer beneath the dermis that contains arteries, veins, nerves
37
Subcutaneous Layer
loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue and lipocytes
38
Integumentary System
protection: first line of defense
temperature regulation: aiding warm or cooling
excretion: aids loss of water and minerals
sensation: nerve receptors (heat, cold, pain)
vitamin D: from sun exposure, absorb calcium
39
Axial Skeleton
## Footnote
Skeletal System
adult skeleton has 80 bones
| skull, vertebrae, ribs
40
Appendicular Skeleton
## Footnote
Skeletal System
adult appendicular skeleton has 126 bones
| arms, legs, pelvic girdle
41
Ligament
## Footnote
Skeletal System
attaches bone to bone for joint stability
42
Long Bones
have epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity (yellow bone marrow) allow movement without friction
| femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius
43
Short Bones
found in wrists/ankles, typically small, round
| carpals, tarsals
44
Flat Bones
majority of surface area is flat or slightly curved
| skull, ribs
45
Irregular Bones
unusual shape that is typically related to their function
| vertebrae, pelvis
46
Sesamoid Bones
small, round bones found in joints that are held in place by tendons
| patella
47
Upper Extremities
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
48
Lower Extremities
pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
49
Axial Skeleton
skull, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs
50
Skeletal Muscle
## Footnote
Muscular System
responsible for body movement, and is also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle
51
Smooth Muscle
## Footnote
Muscular System
found within the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and in the iris of the eye
| involuntary muscle
52
Cardiac Muscle
## Footnote
Muscular System
found only in the heart, cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom in order to pump blood
53
Tendon
ends of skeletal muscles that attach the muscle to a bone
54
Lymph Nodes
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
small, glandular structure concentrated in neck, axilla, groin, which produce/store lymphocytes, are home to macrophages that filter lymph
55
Lymph Nodules
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages/lymphocytes, not encapsulated like lymph nodes
56
Thymus
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
located posterior to the sternum, large in children thenstrinks after adolescence, responsible for production/maturation of T-cells
57
Spleen
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
largest lymphoid organ, located in upper-left abdominal quadrant, it is home to macrophages that filter the blood
58
Interstitial Fluid
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
tissue fluid found between cells, once collected/filtered, called lymph
59
Antibody
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
protein the body creates in response to specific antigens
60
Immunoglobulins
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
antibodies
61
B-Cells
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens/responds by turning into plasma cells
| create antibodies against specific antigens
62
T-Cells
## Footnote
Immune and Lymphatic System
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens/attaches to them to attack invading cells directly
63
Monocytes
engulf/destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
64
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
occurs when a person has infectious disease and then advelops antibodies against pathogen that caused disease, antibodies have memory that prevents future infections by same pathogen
65
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
type of immunity is result of giving vaccination, antibodies are activated by vaccine/develop memory to recognize pathogen in future
66
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
short-lasting immunity passed from mother to child through placenta/breast milk
67
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
short-lasting immunity, this created by giving exposed person antibodies from person who has previosly had disease
68
Cardiovasular System
heart: pump blood through body
artery/arteriole: blood away from heart
vein/venule: blood towards heart
capillary: smallest; exchange between blood/body cells
endocardium: innermost layer that lines (atria, ventricles, and valves of heart)
myocardium: muscular layer of the heart
pericardium: outermost layer membrane surrounds heart;secretes pericardial fluid
69
Anatomy of the Heart
right atrium
pulmonary valve
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
left atrium
bicuspid valve
aortic valve
left ventricle
70
Kidney
## Footnote
Urinary System
located on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae.
| responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine
71
Ureters
## Footnote
Urinary System
long tubes responsible for carrying urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
72
Urinary Bladder
## Footnote
Urinary System
small muscular sac located within pelvic cavity is responsible for strong urine
73
Urethra
tube responsible for carrying urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
| longer in males
74
Mouth
| oral cavity
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva)
75
Pharynx
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
throat or passageway for food between oral cavity and the esophagus
76
Esophagus
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
muscular tube connecting the mouth ro stomach
| wave like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into stomach
77
Stomach
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
located below diaphragm in LUQ of ab cavity, receives food from esophagus then breakdown gastric juices
## Footnote
contains rugae
78
Small Intestine
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
take up most space in ab cavity, primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients
## Footnote
divide into sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
79
Large Intestine
| colon
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
absorption is completed here, feces is formed from solid waste products
## Footnote
divide into sections: cecum (connects to ileum; appendix located), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
80
Rectum
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
end of the colon stores deces until defecation
81
Anus
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
end of rectum, opens to the outside of body to allow elimination of feces
82
Liver
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
large organ located in RUQ of ab
| produce bile needed to breakdown fats
83
Gall Bladder
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
located inferior to liver, stores bile and onects to duodenum
84
Pancreas
## Footnote
Gastroinestinal System
posterior to stomach, connects to duodenum
## Footnote
produces enzymes that aid with digestion
85
Nose
## Footnote
Respiratory System
made of bones, cartilage, skin
## Footnote
small hairs called cilia prevent large particles from entering
86
Pharynx
## Footnote
Respiratory System
during respiration, air enters through the nose/mouth into pharynx
87
Larynx
## Footnote
Respiratory System
superior to trachea
## Footnote
produces a person's voice
88
Trachea
| windpipe
## Footnote
Respiratory System
extends from larynx/branches into bronchi lined with cilia
89
Lungs
## Footnote
Respiratory System
two cone shaped organs located in chest
| bronchi, alveoli, blood vessels
## Footnote
right lung is larger and dvided into 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes
both lungs surrounded membrane called pleura
90
Brain
## Footnote
Nervous System
coordinates most body activites, and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, judgement
## Footnote
divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
91
Spinal Cord
## Footnote
Nervous System
provides pathway for nerve impulses travelling to and the brain, extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column
92
Peripheral Nerves
## Footnote
Nervous System
includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from spinal cord
| carries signals between the body and the brain
93
Neuron
## Footnote
Nervous System
functional unit of the nervous system
94
Dendrites
## Footnote
Nervous System
multiple branching structures
95
Nucleus
## Footnote
Nervous System
directs cellular activites
96
Cytoplasm
## Footnote
Nervous System
produces neurotransmiters and energy for the neuron
97
Axon
## Footnote
Nervous System
stores neurotransmitters
98
# Endocrine System
Aldosterone
| cortex
## Footnote
Adrenal Glands
Regulates Electrolyes and Fluid Volume
99
# Endocrine System
Cortisol
| cortex
## Footnote
Adrenal Glands
Regulates Carbohydrates
100
# Endocrine System
Epinephrine
| medulla
## Footnote
Adrenal Glands
Flight-or-Flight Response
101
# Endocrine System
Norepinephrine
| medulla
## Footnote
Adrenal Glands
Vasoconstrictor
102
# Endocrine System
Antidiuretic Hormone
| produces
## Footnote
Hypothalamus
Stimulates reabsorption of water in kidneys
103
# Endocrine System
Oxytocin
| produces
## Footnote
Hypothalamus
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk
104
# Endocrine System
Estrogen
## Footnote
Ovaries
Development of secondary sex characteristics in females, regulates menses
105
# Endocrine System
Progesterone
## Footnote
Ovaries
Prepares the body for pregnancy
106
# Endocrine System
Glucagon
| Alpha Cells
## Footnote
Pancreas
Increases Blood Sugar
107
# Endocrine System
Insulin
| Beta Cells
## Footnote
Pancreas
Decreases Blood Sugar
108
# Endocrine System
Parathyroid Hormone
## Footnote
Parathyroid Gland
Regulates Calcium
109
# Endocrine System
Melatonin
## Footnote
Pineal Gland
Regulates onset of puberty, biological clock
110
# Endocrine System
Growth Hormone
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates Body Growth
111
# Endocrine System
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates Skin Pigment
112
# Endocrine System
Adrencorticotropic Hormone
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Regulates Adrenal Cortex
113
# Endocrine System
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Regulates Thyroid Gland
114
# Endocrine System
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates growth of ova and sperm
115
# Endocrine System
Luteinizing Hormone/Prolactin
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates ovulation (females)
Testosterone (males)
116
# Endocrine System
Antidiuretic Hormone
| releases
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
Stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys
117
# Endocrine System
Oxytocin
| releases
## Footnote
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk
118
# Endocrine System
Testosterone
## Footnote
Testes
Sperm production, secondary sex characteristics in male
119
# Endocrine System
Thymosin
## Footnote
Thymus
Development of cells in the immune system
120
# Endocrine System
T3/T4
## Footnote
Thyroid Gland
Cellular Metabolism
121
# Endocrine System
Calcitonin
## Footnote
Thyroid Gland
Increases bone calcium
122
# Reproductive System
Testes
produce sperm/testosterone
## Footnote
located below pelvic cavity on outside of body within scrotum
123
# Reproductive System
Scrotum
pouch of skin that houses the testes
124
# Reproductive System
Penis
external cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine/semen out of body
125
# Reproductive System
Epididymis
coiled tube located superior to each teste, responsible for maturation of sperm cells
126
# Reproductive System
Vas deferens
connects the epididymis to the urethra
127
# Reproductive System
Seminal vesicles
sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid
## Footnote
fluid stimulates muscle contractions in female reproductive organs aid in propelling sperm forward
128
# Reproductive System
Prostate Gland
surrounds the proximal urethra, contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm
## Footnote
secretes fluid that proects sperm within vagina
129
# Reproductive System
Bulbourethral Glands
| cowper's glands
inferior to the prostate gland, secrete fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse
130
# Reproductive System
Androgens
group of male sex hormones
131
# Reproductive System
Testosterone
most abundant/biologically active of male sex hormones
132
# Reproductive System
Ovaries
pair of oval shaped organs located within pelvic cavity
## Footnote
produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
133
# Reproductive System
Fallopian Tubes
muscular tubes with proximal opening near each ovary, connects distally to uterus
## Footnote
receives egg during ovulation
134
# Reproductive System
Uterus
hollow muscular organ, lies low in pelvic cavity, receives fertilized egg, which implants into uterine wall for fetal development
135
# Reproductive System
Vagina
muscular tube extending from uterus to outside of body
| expands during childbirth/intercourse
136
# Reproductive System
Labia Mijora
folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external female genitalia
137
# Reproductive System
Labia Minora
folds of skin within the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation, forms a hood over clitoris
138
# Reproductive System
Clitoris
highly sensitive female erectile tissue located anterior to urethra
139
# Reproductive System
Perineum
area between vagina and anus
140
# Reproductive System
Estrogen
group of female sex hormones
141
# Reproductive System
Progesterone
hormone secreted by ovaries
142
# Reproductive System
Estradiol
most abundant/biologically active female hormone
