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Pediactric Week 2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

How do respirations in children differ from adults?

A

Respirations vary based on age, higher in younger children. Assessment relies on observation due to communication barriers. Respiratory patterns are irregular in younger ages.

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2
Q

What anatomical feature affects respiratory assessment in children?

A

Children have anatomically smaller airways.

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3
Q

What does nasal flaring indicate during a respiratory assessment?

A

Nasal flaring is a sign of respiratory distress.

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4
Q

What are signs of respiratory distress in children?

A
  • Tripoding
  • Drooling
  • Grunting
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5
Q

What is Nebulized Aerosol Therapy?

A

A treatment method that breaks up medicine into fine particles for effective dispersion in the respiratory tract.

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6
Q

What is the recommended duration for Nebulized Aerosol Therapy?

A

10-15 minutes.

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7
Q

What should be done pre-procedure for Nebulized Aerosol Therapy?

A

Check vital signs and O2 saturations.

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8
Q

What is Chest Physiotherapy used for?

A

To break up thick secretions in children unable to clear them.

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9
Q

When is Chest Physiotherapy contraindicated?

A

With decreased cardiac reserves, pulmonary embolism, or increased intracranial pressure.

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10
Q

What position is recommended for gravity assistance in Chest Physiotherapy?

A

Positioning helps loosen secretions for coughing or suctioning.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of an Oxygen Hood?

A

Provides 80-90% oxygen to babies who can breathe independently.

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12
Q

What is an Oxygen Tent?

A

Covers the whole baby and provides 21-50% oxygen.

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13
Q

Why is humidification important in oxygen therapy?

A

It moistens the airway, promoting loosening and mobilization of secretions.

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14
Q

What are the two types of suctioning systems?

A
  • Closed system
  • Open system
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15
Q

What is a Tracheotomy?

A

A surgical incision into the trachea to establish an airway.

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16
Q

What is a Tracheostomy?

A

The stoma or opening resulting from a tracheotomy.

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17
Q

What conditions might necessitate an artificial airway?

A
  • Tracheal Stenosis
  • Tracheomalacia
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18
Q

What are post-operative nursing actions for Tonsillectomy?

A
  • Assess for excessive bleeding
  • Elevate head of bed
  • Administer analgesia
  • Discourage straws, throat clearing
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19
Q

What is the most common respiratory illness in children?

A

Nasopharyngitis (the common cold).

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20
Q

What characterizes Bacterial Epiglottitis?

A
  • Medical emergency
  • Caused by Haemophilus influenzae
  • Tripod position
  • Dysphonia and dysphagia
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21
Q

What are the symptoms of Bronchiolitis?

A
  • Runny nose
  • Fever
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
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22
Q

What is the primary cause of Bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

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23
Q

What is Asthma?

A

A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways.

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24
Q

What are common triggers for asthma symptoms?

A
  • Mold
  • Environmental allergens
  • Weather changes
  • Dairy products
  • GERD
  • Medications
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25
What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
Mast cells release histamine, leading to bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production.
26
What are the key symptoms of an acute asthma attack?
* Dyspnea * Wheezing * Mucus production * Chest tightness
27
What are the priority nursing actions during an asthma attack?
* Assess airway patency * Administer humidified oxygen * Administer rescue inhaler * Notify provider
28
What are the types of asthma medications?
* Bronchodilators * Corticosteroids * Leukotriene modifiers * Xanthine derivatives
29
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
An autosomal recessive disorder affecting the CFTR protein, leading to thick secretions.
30
What is the incidence of Cystic Fibrosis in Caucasians?
Occurs in 1 in 3500 births.
31
What are common signs and symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?
* Wheezing * Cough * Dyspnea * Large, frothy stools
32
What are CFTR modulators used for?
To treat the underlying disease of Cystic Fibrosis.
33
What is the significance of early diagnosis in Cystic Fibrosis?
Improves outcomes and lifespan.
34
What are common gastrointestinal infectious pathogens?
* Rotavirus * Escherichia coli * Salmonella * Norovirus
35
What defines mild dehydration in children?
Weight loss of 3-5% in infants, possible slight thirst, normal mucous membranes.
36
What defines severe dehydration in children?
Weight loss of >10%, cap refill >4 seconds, tachycardia, orthostatic BP changes.
37
What are normal signs of hydration?
Normal mucous membranes, fontanels, pulse, and BP
38
What weight loss percentage indicates moderate dehydration in infants?
6-9%
39
What are the signs of moderate dehydration?
* Cap refill 2-4 secs * Thirst and irritability * Slightly elevated pulse * Possible orthostatic BP * Dry mucous membranes * Decreased tears and skin turgor * Slight tachypnea * Normal to sunken fontanel
40
What weight loss percentage indicates severe dehydration in infants?
>10%
41
What are the signs of severe dehydration?
* Cap refill >4 secs * Tachycardia & orthostatic BP * Extreme thirst * Very dry mucous membranes * Hyperpnea * No tearing * Sunken eyeballs * Oliguria or anuria
42
What is the first nursing action for mild to moderate dehydration?
Oral rehydration
43
How much fluid should be given for mild dehydration?
50ml/kg fluid within 4 hours
44
How much fluid should be given for moderate dehydration?
100ml/kg
45
How much fluid is needed to replace diarrhea losses?
10ml/kg for each stool
46
When should IV hydration be initiated?
When the child is unable to drink enough or when severe dehydration is present
47
What type of solution is used for IV bolus hydration?
Isotonic solution at 20ml/kg IV bolus
48
What are key assessments in dehydration management?
* Capillary refill * Vital signs * Weight * I&O
49
What is a cleft lip and palate?
Can occur together or alone and may be associated with other syndromes
50
What are risk factors for cleft lip and palate?
* Folate deficiency * Exposure to alcohol * Cigarette smoke * Anticonvulsants * Retinoids * Steroids during pregnancy
51
What is gastroesophageal reflux (GER)?
When gastric contents reflux back into the esophagus
52
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
When the tissue is damaged from GER
53
What are treatments for GERD?
* Sit baby upright after meals * Different formula options * Thicken formula with cereal * H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine) * PPIs (e.g., lansoprazole)
54
What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
Thickening of the pyloric sphincter, creating an obstruction
55
What are common signs of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
* Projectile vomiting * Olive-shaped mass * Very hungry baby * Failure to thrive * Pallor and signs of dehydration
56
How is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis diagnosed?
Ultrasound
57
What is Hirschsprung’s disease?
Congenital aganglionic megacolon caused by a lack of ganglionic cells in segments of colon
58
What are expected findings in Hirschsprung’s disease?
* Acute bowel obstruction * Delayed meconium passing (>24 hours) * Abdominal distention * Constipation * Failure to thrive
59
What is intussusception?
Proximal section of the bowel telescopes into a more distal section, resulting in obstruction
60
What are common signs of intussusception?
* Drawing knees to chest * Vomiting * Sausage-like mass in abdomen * Red currant jelly stool
61
How is intussusception diagnosed?
Ultrasound, x-ray, or CT (bull’s eye seen)
62
What is appendicitis?
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix caused by an obstruction
63
What are the symptoms of appendicitis?
* Pain in the umbilical region moving to the right iliac fossa * Risk of rupture causing peritonitis
64
What is Meckel’s diverticulum?
Outpouching in the small intestines due to failure of the omphalomesenteric duct to fuse
65
What are the signs of Meckel’s diverticulum?
* Abdominal pain * Gastrointestinal bleeding * Anemia * Prone to infection
66
What is celiac disease?
An autoimmune condition where ingestion of gluten causes damage to the small intestine
67
What are dietary restrictions for patients with celiac disease?
Avoid foods with wheat, rye, and barley
68
What is the gold standard for diagnosing celiac disease?
Antibody testing (IGA), endoscopy + biopsy

Pediatrics 1 (7 decks)

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