Peds Week 1 Content Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
What is primary prevention in pediatrics?
A
Preventing disease before it happens by educating families on healthy eating lifestyles, exercise, etc. Vaccinations.
Primary prevention focuses on health promotion and disease prevention strategies.
2
Q
What is secondary prevention in pediatrics?
A
Screenings to detect disease and treat it early on, including scoliosis, vision and hearing testing, and lead screening.
Secondary prevention aims to identify and address health issues at an early stage.
3
Q
What is tertiary prevention in pediatrics?
A
Reducing the severity of the disease.
Tertiary prevention focuses on managing long-term health issues and improving quality of life.
4
Q
What factors are considered in patient-centered care in pediatrics?
A
Family make-up, developmental considerations, cultural considerations, socioeconomic considerations, history of trauma, community connection, educational access, agency involvement, health status, health history.
These factors are critical in tailoring care to the specific needs of pediatric patients.
5
Q
Fill in the blank: _______ considerations involve beliefs that may impact pediatric care.
A
[Cultural] considerations.
Cultural considerations can significantly influence health behaviors and perceptions of care.
6
Q
True or False: Socioeconomic considerations are irrelevant in pediatric patient care.
A
False.
Socioeconomic status can affect access to healthcare and overall health outcomes.
7
Q
What is the significance of community connection in pediatrics?
A
It helps to understand the resources available for families and the social environment affecting children’s health.
Community connections can enhance support systems for patients and families.
8
Q
What does agency involvement refer to in pediatric care?
A
Involvement of agencies like DCF (Department of Children and Families).
Agency involvement may be necessary for addressing child welfare and protection issues.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: History of _______ can impact pediatric care.
A
[Trauma].
A history of trauma, such as PTSD or sexual assault, can affect a child’s mental and physical health.
10
Q
What role does educational access play in pediatric health?
A
It influences health literacy and the ability to make informed health decisions.
Educational access can affect long-term health outcomes for children.
11
Q
What is a Traditional Nuclear Family?
A
Married couple and their biologic children (only full siblings)
This family structure emphasizes biological ties and marriage.
12
Q
Define a Nuclear Family.
A
Two parents and their children (biologic, adoptive, step, foster)
This definition includes various types of children, expanding beyond biological ties.
13
Q
What characterizes a Single Parent Family?
A
One parent and one or more children
This structure focuses on the absence of a second parent.
14
Q
What is a Blended Family?
A
At least one stepparent, stepsibling, or half-sibling
This family type arises from remarriage or partnership after divorce.
15
Q
Define an Extended Family.
A
At least one parent, one or more children, and other individuals (may not be related)
This structure includes relatives beyond the immediate family.
16
Q
What is a Gay/Lesbian Family?
A
Two members of the same sex who have children and a legal or common-law tie
This family structure recognizes same-sex couples with children.
17
Q
Define a Foster Family.
A
A child or children who have been placed in an approved living environment away from the family of origin, usually with one or two parents
Foster families provide temporary care for children in need.
18
Q
What is a Binuclear Family?
A
Parents who have terminated spousal roles but continue their parenting roles
This family type maintains co-parenting after separation.
19
Q
Define a Communal Family.
A
Individuals who share common ownership of property and goods, and exchange services without monetary consideration
This structure emphasizes shared resources and responsibilities.
20
Q
What is a Permissive parenting style?
A
Child runs the relationship. The child wants something, and the parent does it
This style often lacks boundaries, allowing children significant freedom.
21
Q
Describe an Authoritative parenting style.
A
Parent-driven. You have your rules, but you also work with the child
This style balances structure with support, promoting independence.
22
Q
What characterizes a Neglectful parenting style?
A
Uninvolved or absent, little nurturance or guidance
This style often results in a lack of emotional support for the child.
23
Q
Define an Authoritarian parenting style.
A
Parent-driven. It can be in their cultures with high patriarchal rules
This style emphasizes obedience and discipline, often with little room for dialogue.
24
Q
What does Family Systems Theory suggest about family members?
A
The family is an interconnected system. What affects one member affects all.
This theory emphasizes the interdependence of family members and how changes in one part of the system can impact the whole.
25
What is the main premise of Family Stress Theory?
Stress is inevitable. It affects the family’s ability to adapt, but families find a way and cope with it.
## Footnote
This theory highlights the resilience of families in the face of stress.
26
How many stages are in Duvall’s Family Life Cycle Theory?
8 stages.
## Footnote
Each stage corresponds to different developmental phases based on the growth of children within the family.
27
What happens to blood pressure as children age?
The younger they are, the lower their blood pressure.
## Footnote
This reflects the normal physiological changes that occur as children grow.
28
How does the respiratory rate and pulse change with age in children?
The younger they are, the higher the respiratory rate and pulse.
## Footnote
This is important in assessing pediatric patients.
29
What special considerations should be taken for neonates?
Higher heart rate and pulse.
## Footnote
Neonates typically exhibit higher vital sign ranges compared to older children.
30
What is crucial to understand in developmental considerations during a child’s examination?
What we expect vs what we see – especially important to know what is normal.
## Footnote
This helps in identifying abnormalities in child development.
31
Is it normal for a nine-month-old to sit quietly when held by a nurse but cry when held by their mother?
Not normal.
## Footnote
This behavior could indicate issues related to attachment or comfort.
32
By what age do infant reflexes typically disappear?
By 1 year to 18 months.
## Footnote
Persistence of these reflexes in older children may indicate developmental concerns.
33
What are non-verbal signs of pain in children?
Guarding their abdomen.
## Footnote
Children may exhibit various non-verbal cues indicating discomfort or pain.
34
What strategy can be employed for an atraumatic examination of infants?
If infants take pacifier, allow them.
## Footnote
This can help soothe infants during medical assessments.
35
How do preschoolers often respond during medical examinations?
Role playing being the doctor.
## Footnote
This imaginative play helps them cope with the examination process.
36
What is an important nursing action when performing assessments on children?
Perform assessments in non-threatening environments
## Footnote
Children are typically afraid of doctors, so creating a comfortable environment is crucial.
37
Why should medical equipment be kept out of sight during assessments?
To reduce anxiety and fear in children
## Footnote
Children may feel intimidated or scared by medical equipment.
38
What should be determined about older school-age children and adolescents during assessments?
Whether they would prefer to have a caregiver present
## Footnote
Providing privacy can help make them feel more comfortable.
39
What is a key strategy to build trust and rapport with children?
Take time to play
## Footnote
Engaging in play can help reduce anxiety and foster a connection.
40
What signs should a nurse observe to determine a child's readiness for assessment?
Eye contact, interacting with the RN
## Footnote
These signs indicate that the child is open to interaction.
41
How should a nurse explain each step of the assessment to a child?
Using age-appropriate language
## Footnote
Tailoring communication to the child's understanding is essential.
42
What is a recommended demonstration method for assessments with children?
Demonstrate on a doll
## Footnote
This helps children understand what to expect in a non-threatening way.
43
What should a nurse allow a child to do with medical equipment during an assessment?
Let the child use equipment on others when possible
## Footnote
This can help reduce fear and increase comfort with the equipment.
44
In what position should a child be assessed for comfort?
In a secure & comfortable position, such as sitting in a parent’s lap for a toddler
## Footnote
This provides emotional security during the assessment.
45
What should a nurse do if a child is uncooperative during an assessment?
Assess reasons for uncooperativeness
## Footnote
Understanding the child's feelings can help address their concerns.
46
What approach should a nurse take when addressing expected behavior with an uncooperative child?
Be firm and direct
## Footnote
Clarity in expectations can help guide the child's behavior.
47
What tone should a nurse use when performing assessments quickly with a child?
A calm voice
## Footnote
Maintaining calmness helps to soothe the child and reduce anxiety.
48
What should be encouraged among children and families during assessments?
Encourage questions
## Footnote
This promotes understanding and comfort during the assessment process.
49
What should a nurse do after completing an assessment with a child?
Discuss findings with the family
## Footnote
Providing feedback helps involve the family in the care process.
50
What reflex is elicited by stroking an infant’s cheek or the edge of their mouth?
Sucking and Rooting Reflex
## Footnote
The infant turns their head toward the side that is touched and starts to suck. This reflex is present from birth to 4 months.
51
What happens when an object is placed in an infant’s palm?
Palmar Grasp
## Footnote
The infant grasps the object. This reflex is present from birth to 4 months.
52
What reflex occurs when the sole of an infant’s foot is touched?
Plantar Grasp
## Footnote
The infant’s toes curl downward. This reflex lasts from birth to 8 months.
53
What is the Moro Reflex?
Elicited by allowing the head and trunk of an infant in a semi-sitting position to fall backward
## Footnote
The infant’s arms and legs symmetrically extend, then abduct while fingers spread to form a C shape. This reflex is present from birth to 4 months.
54
How is the Tonic Neck Reflex elicited?
By turning an infant’s head to one side
## Footnote
The infant extends the arm and leg on that side and flexes the arm and leg on the other side. This reflex is present from birth to 3-4 months.
55
What occurs during the Babinski Reflex?
Elicited by stroking the outer edge of the sole of an infant’s foot up towards the toes
## Footnote
The infant’s toes fan upward and out. This reflex lasts from birth to 1 year.
56
What happens when an infant is held upright with feet touching a flat surface?
Stepping
## Footnote
The infant makes stepping movements. This reflex is present from birth to 4 weeks.
57
What is the focus of the Sensorimotor Phase in cognitive development?
Sensory curiosity about the world and development of object permanence
## Footnote
This phase also includes the use of languages for demands and cataloguing.
58
What key concept is developed during the Sensorimotor Phase?
Object permanence
## Footnote
Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
59
What is a significant development in the Preoperational Phase?
Development of language
## Footnote
In this phase, children begin to discuss things that happened in the past.
60
What cognitive abilities are enhanced during the Preoperational Phase?
Use of imagination
## Footnote
Children in this phase often engage in imaginative play.
61
What realization do children achieve in the Concrete Operational Phase?
Other people have points of view
## Footnote
This phase marks a shift towards understanding perspectives different from their own.
62
What skills are developed in the Concrete Operational Phase?
Understand and categorize things such as colors and shapes
## Footnote
Children learn to sort and classify objects based on various attributes.
63
What characterizes the Formal Operational Phase?
More sophisticated thinking
## Footnote
This phase involves the ability to understand logic and consequences.
64
In which phase do children begin to understand logic and consequences?
Formal Operational Phase
## Footnote
This phase typically begins around age 12 and continues into adulthood.
65
What is the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infant to 18 months)
## Footnote
This stage emphasizes the need for infants to feel loved and cared for.
66
What can happen if the needs of infants are not met in the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
They develop mistrust
## Footnote
Meeting needs such as love, diaper changing, and sleep is crucial.
67
What is the second stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early childhood)
## Footnote
This stage focuses on developing independence.
68
What might children feel if they cannot meet their goals during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?
Shame
## Footnote
Examples include trying to run and falling or failing to build with blocks.
69
What is the third stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?
Initiative vs. Guilt (Ages 3–5 – Preschool)
## Footnote
This stage involves children trying to do things independently.
70
What happens when children are unsuccessful in their initiatives during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
They may feel guilt
## Footnote
This can occur when they overstep boundaries or fail at tasks.
71
What is the fourth stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?
Industry vs. Inferiority (School-age)
## Footnote
This stage is about developing self-confidence.
72
What can lead to feelings of inferiority in children during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
Failure to succeed
## Footnote
Children may compare themselves to peers and feel inferior.
73
What is the fifth stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
## Footnote
This stage is marked by a search for personal identity.
74
What challenges do adolescents face in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
Figuring out who they are
## Footnote
They desire to be unique while also wanting to fit in with peers.
75
What is a key milestone for speech and language development at 3 months?
Cooing and smiling, responds to voice, may make pleasure sounds
## Footnote
At this stage, infants typically exhibit early vocalization patterns.
76
What does a 6-month-old typically demonstrate in terms of language milestones?
Babbling, laughing, giggling, responds to own name
## Footnote
Babbling is an important precursor to later speech development.
77
What is the significant language development noted at 9 months?
Imitates speech and non-speech sounds, understands 'no'
## Footnote
Imitation is crucial for language learning.
78
What are the key language milestones for a 12-month-old?
Says 'mama' and 'dada' with meaning, may say 1–2 other words
## Footnote
First meaningful words are often related to caregivers.
79
At 18 months, what is the expected vocabulary size?
Vocabulary of ~18 words
## Footnote
Children start to understand simple commands and express needs with single words.
80
What type of phrases do 2-year-olds typically use?
2-word phrases (e.g., 'more juice', 'all done'), vocabulary ~50+ words
## Footnote
This stage marks a significant leap in expressive language.
81
What are the speech characteristics of a 3-year-old?
Speaks in 3-word sentences (200 or more), understands most of what’s said, speech more clear
## Footnote
Clarity of speech improves significantly during this age.
82
What is a key language milestone for 4-year-olds?
Uses 4+ word sentences, tells stories, uses pronouns and plurals
## Footnote
Storytelling reflects cognitive development and understanding of narrative structure.
83
What is the Erikson stage for infants from birth to 18 months?
Trust vs Mistrust
## Footnote
This stage focuses on the infant's basic needs being met by the parents.
84
What is the Piaget stage for infants from birth to 24 months?
Sensorimotor stage
## Footnote
This stage involves learning through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
85
By what age does an infant's birth weight typically double?
5 months
## Footnote
Infants usually regain any lost weight by 14 days and continue to gain thereafter.
86
What is the average weight range for newborns?
6-9 lbs (2700-4000g)
## Footnote
Newborns may lose up to 10% of their birth weight.
87
At what age does an infant's birth weight typically triple?
12 months
## Footnote
This is a standard growth milestone for infants.
88
How much does head circumference increase during the first 3 months?
Approximately 2 cm
## Footnote
This growth pattern is crucial for brain development.
89
What is the monthly increase in head circumference from 4 to 6 months?
1 cm per month
## Footnote
This rate of growth continues to slow down in the following months.
90
What is the monthly increase in head circumference during the next 6 months after 6 months?
Approximately 0.5 cm per month
## Footnote
This reflects the gradual slowing of growth as the child ages.
91
When does the posterior fontanel close?
By 2 months of age
## Footnote
The closure of fontanels is important for brain growth.
92
When does the anterior fontanel close?
By 12 to 18 months
## Footnote
The anterior fontanel allows for brain growth and flexibility during delivery.
93
When do the first teeth typically erupt in infants?
Between 6 to 10 months
## Footnote
Establishing dental care is important even for the first tooth.
94
How many teeth will an infant typically have by the age of one?
Around 6-8 teeth
## Footnote
This varies by individual but is a general guideline.
95
What is recommended for infants during the first 6 months?
Breast is best or iron-fortified formula
## Footnote
Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and immune support.
96
What supplementation is recommended for infants during the first 6 months?
Vitamin D supplementation
## Footnote
Essential for bone health and immune function.
97
When should iron supplementation begin for breastfed babies?
After 4 months
## Footnote
To prevent iron deficiency anemia.
98
What should be avoided for infants during the first 4 months?
Water or juice
## Footnote
Risk of hyponatremia.
99
At what age should solids be introduced to an infant's diet?
Around 6 months
## Footnote
Introduction of solids helps develop chewing and swallowing skills.
100
When can a child transition to cow's milk?
At 1 year
## Footnote
Whole cow's milk provides necessary fats and nutrients.
101
What is the recommended position for a car seat for infants?
Rear-facing position
## Footnote
Provides better protection for the head, neck, and spine.
102
At what angle should a rear-facing car seat be reclined?
45 degrees
## Footnote
Ensures the infant’s head does not fall forward.
103
Where should the chest clip be positioned in a car seat?
At the nipple line
## Footnote
Avoids placing pressure on the abdomen.
104
What should be avoided under car seat straps?
Coats or blankets
## Footnote
Prevents straps from being tight enough.
105
What is the recommended sleep position for infants?
Back to sleep
## Footnote
Reduces the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
106
What is the maximum width for crib slats?
6 cm
## Footnote
Prevents the infant from getting stuck between slats.
107
What items should not be in a crib for safety?
Bumpers, pillows
## Footnote
Only use a tightly fitted sheet.
108
When should mobiles be removed from a crib?
By 4-5 months
## Footnote
To prevent potential hazards as the baby begins to move.
109
How often is it normal for babies to wake during the first months?
Every 2-3 hours
## Footnote
This is typical for feeding and comfort.
110
What factors can disrupt an infant's sleep?
Growth spurts, illness, teething, developmental changes
## Footnote
These are common reasons for sleep disturbances.
111
What are some choking prevention measures for young children?
Keep balloons, plastic bags, and small objects away; cut grapes and round foods
## Footnote
Reducing choking hazards is essential for child safety.
112
What should be monitored to prevent poisoning in children?
Lead exposure, medications, cleaning agents
## Footnote
These can be harmful if ingested.
113
What safety measures should be taken to prevent drowning?
Supervise near water, keep bathroom doors closed, fence pools
## Footnote
Drowning can occur in very shallow water.
114
What are some burn prevention strategies?
Use back burner, check bottle temp, apply sunscreen, cover outlets
## Footnote
These practices help protect children from burns.
115
Until what age should children remain in a rear-facing car seat?
Until 2 years old and 30 lbs.
## Footnote
Rear-facing seats provide optimal protection.
116
What is the weight limit for a forward-facing car seat?
Until 5 years old and 40 lbs.
## Footnote
Transitioning to forward-facing should be done safely.
117
What is the weight limit for using a booster seat?
Until 8 years old and 60 lbs.
## Footnote
Booster seats ensure proper seat belt fit.
118
What is the Erikson stage for toddlers aged 1 to 3 years?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
## Footnote
This stage emphasizes the child's need for independence.
119
What is the Piaget stage for toddlers around 2 years old?
Sensorimotor transitions to pre-operational
## Footnote
This transition reflects cognitive development towards symbolic thought.
120
What developmental concept is common in toddlers?
Domestic mimicry
## Footnote
Toddlers often imitate household activities.
121
What is fully developed in toddlers regarding cognitive skills?
Object permanence
## Footnote
This means toddlers understand that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
122
How do toddlers perceive others?
Egocentric
## Footnote
They are unable to see the perspective of others.
123
What types of play are common for toddlers?
Parallel and independent play
## Footnote
Examples include engaging in play dates without direct interaction.
124
Why are routines and structure important for toddlers?
They provide key stability and predictability
## Footnote
Routines help toddlers feel secure.
125
How should potty training be approached for toddlers?
Non-punitive
## Footnote
This approach encourages a positive experience.
126
What is a nutritional concern for toddlers transitioning to cow's milk?
At risk for iron deficiency anemia
## Footnote
This is due to the nutritional differences between breast milk/formula and cow's milk.
127
How should new foods be introduced to toddlers?
Multiple times
## Footnote
Repeated exposure can help acceptance.
128
What safety consideration remains important for toddlers?
Close supervision is required
## Footnote
Risks from earlier stages continue during this period.
129
When should dental care be established for toddlers?
By age one
## Footnote
Early dental care is crucial for long-term oral health.
130
At 15 months, what gross motor skill can a toddler typically do?
Takes a few steps independently
## Footnote
This marks the beginning of walking development.
131
What gross motor skills are expected at 18 months?
Walks independently without holding onto anyone; climbs on and off furniture independently
## Footnote
This shows increased mobility and confidence.
132
What gross motor skills develop at 2 years?
Walks up a few stairs with or without help; kicks a ball; runs
## Footnote
These skills indicate further physical development.
133
What gross motor skill is typical for a 2.5-year-old?
Jumps off the ground with both feet
## Footnote
This reflects improved balance and coordination.
134
What fine motor skill can a 15-month-old typically perform?
Uses cup well; builds a tower of 2 blocks
## Footnote
These skills indicate early hand-eye coordination.
135
What fine motor skills are expected at 18 months?
Scribbles; uses fingers to feed themselves; attempts using a spoon
## Footnote
These activities show increasing dexterity.
136
What fine motor skill develops at 2 years?
Uses a spoon when eating
## Footnote
This skill marks a significant step in self-feeding.
137
What can a 2.5-year-old typically do with their clothes?
Takes some clothes off independently
## Footnote
This indicates growing autonomy in dressing.
138
What fine motor skill is demonstrated by a 2.5-year-old regarding books?
Turns book pages one at a time
## Footnote
This shows an understanding of how books work.
139
What is the Erikson stage for preschoolers (3 to 6 years)?
Initiative vs Guilt
140
What is the Piaget stage for preschoolers (3 to 6 years)?
Preoperational stage
141
What cognitive development occurs in preschoolers?
Transition from egocentric thinking to social thinking
142
What thought pattern involves the belief that thoughts are all-powerful?
Magical thinking
143
What is animism in the context of preschooler development?
Ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects
144
What is centration?
Focusing on one aspect of a situation rather than considering all aspects
145
At what age do children typically start to roleplay?
Around 3 to 6 years
146
What is the Erikson stage for school-age children (6 to 12 years)?
Industry vs. Inferiority
147
What is the Piaget stage for school-age children (6 to 12 years)?
Concrete Operations
148
What concept do school-age children understand regarding mass, weight, and volume?
Conservation
149
What ability develops in school-age children concerning time?
Learns to tell time
150
What social skills develop in school-age children?
Able to see others’ perspectives, solve problems, and classify complex information
151
What is a characteristic of early school-age years regarding understanding of rules?
Limited understanding of intent behind rules
152
How does reasoning change from early to later school-age years?
More developed reasoning and better understanding of others’ points of view
153
What becomes a concern during the school-age years?
Bullying
154
What is the preference for companions in early school-age years?
Preference for same-sex companions
155
What physical changes start around 9 years in girls?
Prepubescence
156
What is notable about growth rates between boys and girls during school-age years?
Differences in growth rates become apparent
157
Fill in the blank: The Piaget stage for preschoolers is the _______.
Preoperational stage
158
True or False: Children in the school-age stage have a black-and-white understanding of situations.
False
159
When do girls typically stop growing?
About 2 years after menarche onset
## Footnote
Menarche is the first occurrence of menstruation.
160
At what age do boys generally stop growing?
Around 18 to 20 years
## Footnote
This marks the end of physical growth in male adolescents.
161
What is the Erikson stage associated with adolescents?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
## Footnote
This stage involves exploring different roles and forming a personal identity.
162
What key developmental activity do adolescents engage in according to Erikson's theory?
Trying different roles
## Footnote
This is crucial for their identity formation.
163
What cognitive stage does Piaget associate with adolescents?
Formal Operations
## Footnote
This stage includes the development of abstract thinking.
164
What cognitive ability develops during the Piaget stage of Formal Operations?
Learning to think abstractly
## Footnote
This allows adolescents to understand complex concepts.
165
What behavioral characteristic may adolescents exhibit regarding their decision-making?
Feeling invincible
## Footnote
This perception can lead to riskier choices.
166
What is a common behavior in adolescents concerning independence?
Making more independent decisions
## Footnote
This is a part of their development towards adulthood.
167
What are important focuses of preventive care for adolescents?
Birth control and proper sleep
## Footnote
These factors are crucial for maintaining health during adolescence.
168
What does 'D' stand for in the distress assessment for ill or injured children?
Distress
## Footnote
Includes assessing and managing pain, asking about tears and worries, and considering grief and loss.
169
What is the focus of 'E' in emotional support for children?
Identify who and what the patient needs now
## Footnote
Address barriers to mobilizing existing support.
170
What does 'F' refer to in the context of family considerations?
Assess distress in parents, siblings, and others
## Footnote
Address non-medical needs.
171
What is cupping?
An Eastern medicine technique that promotes healing by creating suction on the skin.
172
What is coining?
A Southeast Asian practice involving rubbing a coin on the skin to remove negative energy from the body.
173
List three signs of abuse in children.
* Circumferential burns
* Bruises and welts shaped like objects
* Withdrawal from physical contact with adults
174
What are some signs of potential child abuse?
* Burns covering the whole foot
* Fractures in various stages of healing
* Rope burns
175
What should be set for promoting acceptable behaviors in children?
Clear and realistic limits and expectations based on the child’s developmental level.
176
What is the role of validation in promoting acceptable behavior?
Validate the child’s feelings and offer sympathetic explanations.
177
What should be provided to promote acceptable behaviors in children?
Role modeling and reinforcement for appropriate behavior.
178
When disciplining a child, what should be the focus?
The child’s behavior.
179
What is the basis for dosing in pediatric medication administration?
Weight-based (kg).
180
What should be considered when choosing needle gauge and injection site for children?
Age and medication, using smaller needles for kids.
181
What are common injection sites for pediatrics?
* Deltoid
* Ventrogluteal
* Vastus lateralis
182
Which injection site should be avoided in pediatrics and why?
Dorsolateral site due to risk of sciatic nerve injury.
183
When should healthcare providers ask questions regarding pediatric care?
* Suspected duplicate therapy
* To double-check weight-based dosing
* Presence of contraindications
* Noticing any change in child’s level of consciousness (LOC) or mentation
* Whenever something feels concerning or uncomfortable
184
What age group is the FLACC scale applicable to?
2 months to 7 years
## Footnote
FLACC stands for Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability
185
What is the scoring range for each category in the FLACC scale?
0-2 for each category
## Footnote
Each category evaluates different behaviors related to pain assessment
186
What does a score of 0 in the 'Face' category of FLACC indicate?
Smile or no expression
187
What does a score of 1 in the 'Legs' category of FLACC indicate?
Uneasy, restless, tense
188
What does a score of 2 in the 'Activity' category of FLACC indicate?
Arched, rigid, or jerking
189
What does a score of 0 in the 'Cry' category of FLACC indicate?
No cry
190
What does a score of 1 in the 'Consolability' category of FLACC indicate?
Reassured by occasional touching or hugging. Able to distract
191
What age group is the FACES scale applicable to?
3 years and older
192
On the FACES scale, how is pain rated?
On a scale of 0 to 10 using a diagram of six faces
193
What is the process of using the FACES scale for pain assessment?
Explain each face to the child and ask the child to choose a face that best describes how they are feeling
194
What age range is the OUCHER scale designed for?
3 to 13 YEARS
## Footnote
The OUCHER scale is a pain assessment tool for children.
195
How is pain rated on the OUCHER scale?
On a scale of 0 to 5 using six photographs
## Footnote
Children organize photographs from no pain to worst pain.
196
What is the purpose of the photographs in the OUCHER scale?
To help the child choose a picture that best describes how they are feeling
## Footnote
This aids in assessing their pain level.
197
What age group uses the Numeric Scale for pain assessment?
5 YEARS AND OLDER
## Footnote
The Numeric Scale is for older children who can understand numbers.
198
How is pain rated on the Numeric Scale?
On a scale of 0 to 10
## Footnote
0 means no pain and 10 means worst pain.
199
What should the child do on the Numeric Scale?
Verbally report a number or point to their level of pain on a visual scale
## Footnote
This helps in quantifying their pain experience.
200
What is the age requirement for the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist?
3 YEARS AND OLDER
## Footnote
This checklist is for children who cannot communicate their pain verbally.
201
How long are behaviors observed in the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist?
For 10 minutes
## Footnote
This observation period allows for a more accurate assessment.
202
How many subcategories are scored in the Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist?
Six subcategories
## Footnote
These include Vocal, Social, Facial, Activity, Body & limbs, and Physiological.
203
What scoring scale is used for each subcategory in the checklist?
0 to 3
## Footnote
0: Not at all, 1: Just a little, 2: Fairly often, 3: Very often.
204
What cutoff score indicates moderate to severe pain in the checklist?
11 or higher
## Footnote
This score suggests the child is experiencing significant pain.
205
What cutoff score indicates mild pain in the checklist?
6 to 10
## Footnote
This score indicates a lower level of pain but still noteworthy.
206
What is the WHO Two-Step Approach for children >3 months with mild pain?
Administer a non-opioid (NSAIDs often used for children >6 months)
## Footnote
This approach emphasizes the use of non-opioid medications for managing mild pain in pediatric patients.
207
What is the drug of choice for moderate to severe pain in children?
Morphine
## Footnote
Morphine is recommended as the primary opioid for effective pain management in moderate to severe cases.
208
What is a key consideration when dosing medications for pain management in children?
Medications should be dosed high enough to control pain without causing severe adverse effects
## Footnote
Proper dosing is crucial to balance pain relief and minimize side effects.
209
What route of medication administration is preferred for children?
Oral route
## Footnote
The oral route is favored due to its ease of administration and effectiveness.
210
What is the peak effect time for oral medications in children?
1–2 hours
## Footnote
This timing indicates that oral medications are not suitable for rapid pain relief.
211
Which route of administration provides rapid pain relief in children?
Intravenous (IV)
## Footnote
IV administration can provide rapid pain relief, approximately within 5 minutes.
212
Which route is not recommended for pain control in children?
IM injections
## Footnote
Intramuscular injections are generally avoided for pain management in pediatric patients.
213
Fill in the blank: The use of _______ involves holding or gently restraining the child for comfort and safety.
Containment
## Footnote
Containment can help provide a sense of security to the child during procedures.
214
What is a non-pharmacological pain management technique that involves the child imagining pleasant things?
Guided Imagery
## Footnote
Guided imagery can help distract and soothe children during painful experiences.
215
What technique encourages children to repeat positive affirmations about themselves?
Positive Self-Talk
## Footnote
This technique aims to boost the child's confidence and reduce anxiety.
216
What is Kangaroo Care?
Skin-to-skin contact between parent and child
## Footnote
Kangaroo Care is beneficial for comfort and bonding, especially in infants.
217
What is the role of non-nutritive sucking in pain management?
Breastfeeding or use of a pacifier to soothe
## Footnote
Non-nutritive sucking can provide comfort and reduce pain perception in infants.
218
What is the purpose of behavioral contracting in pain management?
Use rewards like stickers for cooperation or good behavior
## Footnote
Behavioral contracting can motivate children to participate positively in their care.
219
True or False: Intranasal medications are recommended for children under 18 years.
False
## Footnote
Intranasal medications are not recommended for this age group due to safety concerns.
220
What is one of the complementary and alternative medicine techniques mentioned?
Distraction
## Footnote
Distraction techniques can effectively help manage pain by diverting the child's attention.
221
Fill in the blank: Continuous infusion of IV medication provides _______ blood levels.
steady
## Footnote
Continuous infusion helps maintain consistent medication levels in the bloodstream.
